Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The problems of transformation of chernozem soils properties of garden cenoses during drip irrigation with mineralized water are considered. The widespread introduction of drip irrigation with the mineral fertilizers to cultivate fruit plantations using intensive technologies has created a number of environmental problems. The forced use of mineralized water for irrigation due to limited resources contributes to changes in the properties of chernozem soils, in recent years. It is manifested fruit plants oppression against the background of the constant use of fertigation in the intensive fruit plantations. It was found that drip irrigation of apple orchards with mineralized water contributed to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the main zone of soil moisture. The use of long-term drip the irrigation in fruit plantations led to the gradual leaching of calcium ions from the zones of local soil moisture. The proportion of magnesium in the soil-absorbing complex as a result of irrigation increased in 20.8-32.8 % of the amount of absorbed bases. On the plot with oppressed apple-trees, a higher content of exchangeable magnesium in the soil was noted in comparison with apple plantations under a satisfactory condition. The increased content of sodium in irrigation water led to a significant increase in its concentration in the places of localization of irrigation water in areas with both depressed and apple trees in satisfactory condition. The content of exchangeable sodium in the soil layer 0-30 cm under the droppers increased in 0.94-1.74 mg-eq./100 g. of soil. The share of exchangeable sodium in the soil absorbing complex in the zone of local soil moisture increased in 3.1-5.3 % of the amount of absorbed bases, which indicates a weak degree of soil salinity. Analysis of apple varieties productivity indicates the influence of tree growth conditions the yield and fruit quality, the share of the influence of soil conditions was 81.8-93.6 %.

Annotation

The results of studies of the productivity of different graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the submontane zone of the Krasnodar Region on floodplain soils are presented. The stability of various plum rootstocks to unfavorable soil parameters was studied. The characteristics of the soil cover of the site and prospective domestic rootstocks for large-stone fruit crops are given. It was revealed that the main negative parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy-loamy soils, leading to a decrease in productivity and oppression of plants, are the periodic rise in the groundwater level and low fertility (very low availability of organic matter and mobile phosphorus). The variation exhibitions in the condition and yield of trees on these soils, depending on the rootstock, is established. In the leveled areas with periodic rise of the ground water level and stagnation of excess moisture at a depth of at least 120 cm from the soil surface, plum trees on all the studied rootstocks were in satisfactory condition. However, plum trees planted in 2015 on the rootstocks of PK SK-1, PK SK-2, 934 and 935 were more productive (5.7-6.6 t/ha). In low relief elements (gullies, swales, closed depressions), where stagnation of excess moisture in the soil profile at a depth of 80 cm or less is observed, depression and death of plum trees take place. The greatest resistance of plants to these conditions was noted on the rootstocks of PK SK�2 and 935. In these edaphoclimatic conditions, the most resistant to periodic long-term overwatering of the root layer of the soil are graft-rootstock combinations of Stenley/PC SK�2 and Stenley/935. These trees have the highest yield and the lowest percentage of plant death.

Annotation

The results of studies of biometric indicators and features of the development of the root system of various graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar region on overwetting floodplain soils are presented. It was revealed that the main parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy loamy soils leading to a decrease in productivity and inhibition of plum plants are the presence of layers with heavy granulometric composition in the soil profile, which are characterized by very low filtration capacity. These conditions contribute to the prolonged stagnation of excess moisture in the root layer of the soil, which leads to a decrease in productivity, inhibition and premature death of plants. Also, the established low level of soil fertility of the experimental site leads to a decrease in the productivity of plum plants. Under these conditions, the inhibition of plum trees manifests itself to varying degrees, depending on the rootstock. Plum plants on the rootstock of PK SK-2 were found to be the most resistant to periodic prolonged overwetting of soil root layer. The greatest increases of the vegetative part were noted on these trees, in leveled areas and a lower percentage of plant death in areas with less satisfactory water-air regime of soils (depressions, swales). The stability of trees on this rootstock is due to the peculiarity of the placement of potentially active roots in the soil. Studies have shown that the plum on the PK SK-2 rootstock has the main part (more than 60 %) of potentially active roots concentrated in a layer of 0-40 cm. On the AP-1 rootstock, potentially active roots are evenly distributed between the soil layers of 0-40 cm and 40-80 cm, and after heavy precipitation, when the soil is saturated with moisture below the level of 40 cm, more than half of the potentially active roots are in unfavorable conditions.

Annotation

In the fruit plantations cultivated on intensive technologies, in order to obtain the objective data on the supply of soils with food elements, it is necessary to use the improved methodological approaches to assess the parameters of soil fertility and the application of original method for selecting the soil samples for following analytic research. The purpose of our research is to find the patterns of changes in the parameters of soil fertility of industrial apple plantations cultivated with regular local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume irrigation. As a result of soil-agrochemical study of fruit plantings on alluvial-meadow soils, a significant change in the parameters of soil fertility was established in case of local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume soil moisture. It is shown when fertigation in the places of local fertilizing the movable phosphorus content in the 0-30 cm layer of apple garden soil increased in 98,3-251,1 mg / kg soil, and exchangeable potassium � in 66-421 mg / kg soil; as compared with the areas outside the area of mineral fertilizers localization. The changes found in the levels of soil provision with nutrients should be taken into account when planning the fertilizers system in the perennial plantations cultivated on intensive technologies. The result of research show that the long-term use of drip irrigation in the industrial apple orchards has led to the accumulation of soluble salts (especially sodium ions), to alkalization and qualitative change in the content of exchangeable cations in the soil-absorbing complex in the areas of local soil moisture. To reduce the negative impact of irrigation on the soil properties, it is expedience to use the physiologically acidic fertilizers during irrigation of apple garden, and also to carry out the periodic neutralization of irrigation water by acid.