Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Popova Valentina
Articles in journal: (total 26)
Local use of mineral fertilizers with a fertigation of fruit plantings leads to essential change of agrichemical soil properties and formation in the soil of the centers of increased nutrients concentration. Therefore when we calculate the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agrichemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction. The purpose of research is to determine the change conformity to natural low of levels of an apple-tree providing with available nutrient elements in a zone of mineral fertilizers localization during a small-volume irrigation. The research were carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region. The experience was started in the industrial apple-tree plantings on a dwarf M9 rootstock. The various norms of mineral fertilizers were introduced on the plots: fertigation norm of N30P4K20; fertigation norm of N45P6K30; fertigation norm of N60P8K40. It is found that increasing in norm of mineral fertilizers introduction led to increase in nutrient concentration in a zone of mineral fertilizer localization. It is determined that the local introduction of mineral fertilizers during fertigation on the plots with the increased background nutrient providing is irrationally. The optimization of conditions of the water and food modes during fertigation on the experimental plots promoted the increase in productivity of Champion apple-tree on 4,8-11,0 t/hectare and Prikubanskoye apple-trees - on 4,2-4,9 t/hectare. The conclusion follows that it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agric and chemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction when we calculate of the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers. It will allow to correct the doses of their introduction taking into account the level of the soil providing of nutrient elements and will decrease in the environmental load.
The advantages of using weed plants (grasses of the local flora) for sodding between rows of garden, as compared with the seeded perennial cereal grasses, are revealed. Increase of content of humus and nutrients, the greatest stocks of the microbial pool, high indicators of stability and well-being of the soil community are marked under natural grass.
The method of a field experiment accompanied with laboratory analyses and mathematical data processing is the basis for work. At a laying of a field experiment and carrying out calculations and observations and other types of field works used the standard techniques are used. The analysis of the obtained experimental data is carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. The biological assessment of growth regulators of new generation in the plantings of fruit and berry crops and grapes was the purpose of our research. The research was conducted in the plantings of an apple-tree, wild strawberry and grapes. The regulators of growth of new generation - Atonik Plus, Zerebra Agro, VL 77, Agro-Stimul and Avibif on phases of plants development of plants during the vegetative period were used. The results of the conducted research showed that a 3-time processing by Atonik Plus in a dose of 0,2 l/hectare, was the most effective on an apple-tree, the reliable increase in a crop of fruits was 7,0 t/hectare in comparison with control. The increase in a crop of fruits is occurred due to a smaller falling of fruits during formation of an ovary and increase in average mass of fruits. On Elsanta strawberry use of the Avibif growth regulator promoted the improvement of growth processes of plants, the increase in quantity of flowers was observed. The increase in berries crop was 2,5 t/hectare of with a dose of preparation of 0,6 l/hectare. The greatest rise of a crop is got at processing of grapes by preparation VL 77 in a dose of 0,3 l/hectare (6,5 t/hectare). The research of biological efficiency of new forms of growth regulators in production plantings of garden cultures and grapes showed prospects their use for regulation of growth processes of plants, increases in efficiency and improvement of quality of fruits and berries.
The prospects of application biostimulants of growth to increase the resistance and stability of fruiting of fruit crops are discussed. Fruit crops are exposed to stress factors, both biotic and abiotic. Climate changes, especially regional weather conditions, characterized by a higher frequency of extreme manifestations of abiotic stress, strongly affect the growth and productivity, the quality of fruit plant products. Increasing the productivity of fruit crops is achieved by regulating the main factors of the production process. One of the promising areas of modern horticulture for increasing the resistance and formation of stable productivity of fruit agrocenoses is the development of a system for the application of biostimulants. Groups of biostimulants, their classification, characteristics and mechanism of action on plants are considered. The analysis of the influence of biostimulants on the stability and productivity of fruit crops is presented. It is shown that biostimulants in low concentrations have a growth-stimulating effect, enhance plant metabolism and increase the degree of absorption of nutrients from the soil. Their application makes it possible to increase the efficiency and reduce the amount of mineral fertilizers used in the management system for garden crops cultivated using intensive technologies. The role of biostimulants in the preservation of soil fertility of garden agrocenoses is revealed, since these drugs can stimulate the activity of useful soil microorganisms and optimize the absorption of nutrients from the soil by plants. The anti-stress properties of biostimulants were studied and analyzed to preserve the productivity level of fruit plants, the quality of fruits in conditions of drought, salinity, low and high temperatures. The available developments in the field of the application of biostimulants in horticulture indicate the prospects of applying the research results for further improvement of intensive technologies for cultivating fruit plantations based on methods of biologization and ecologization of production processes.
It is established that the apple tree plants on watering in the low-moistening conditions of the Rostov and Stavropol regions characte-rized by high content of plastic substances, indicating on activization of physiological and biochemical processes at the optimize water regime. It is necessary for reduce the imbalance of the nutrinion elements on chernozem soils the rational and timely complex introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers