Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 � heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.

Annotation

The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods of variety study and breeding generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the center for collective use �Research and breeding collection of genetic resources of horticultural crops�. The objects of research are 57 varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy, ecological geographic and genetic origin. The purpose of the study is to study allelic polymorphism for the self-incompatibility gene during pollination in representatives of the genus Malus Mill. for use in apple breeding. The CTAB method was used to prepare the DNA preparation. To identify alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10 of the desired gene used the method of PCR analysis. It was revealed that these alleles of the S gene have a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence in the studied sample. The most common allele is S2, the frequency of which is the highest in the sample � 40.35%; the frequency of occurrence of alleles S3, S5, S7 and S10 is significantly lower (in 1.9�4.6 times) and is 21.05 %; 8.77 %; 17.54 % and 21.05 %, respectively. Among scab-immune apple cultivars, the S2 and S10 alleles are the most common (distribution frequency 54.17 % and 33.33 %, respectively). According to the results of DNA analysis among 57 sample samples in 10 varieties: Victoria, Virginia, Gertrude, John Downey, Zheltozelenoe, Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Nikita, Riesling red, Florking did not reveal the presence of alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10. With the exception of Victoria and Virginia varieties with low pollen viability, the remaining varieties are identified as promising pollinators (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability) for use in breeding and production. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the collection fund, replenishing information databases, identifying the best pollinators for breeding research and use in production.

Annotation

Persian walnut is the widespread crop, covering the territories with a temperate climate around the world. The reasons for the economic importance of the walnut production are the oil-rich with high nutritional val-ue and taste, as well as valuable wood. The zone of the North Caucasus is suit-able for the industrial production of Per-sian walnut, but to increase in economic efficiency and reduce the risks of losses from adverse climatic factors, it should be planted the varieties with high adaptability, having an optimal set of agronomic valuable signs. The article presents the results of a four-years study of 14 selected forms of walnut under the Sub Kuban area condition of the Krasnodar Territory. One of the most important traits for walnut varieties in the condition of Krasnodar Territory is the ability to control the recurrent frosts increasing in recent years. Late flowering walnut forms are able to avoid the frosts and suffer from them is much less. In this aspect, the phenological observations forms are carried out. The trade and consumer qualities of fruits are studied, as the market prices of the products vary significantly depending on these indicators. Also the risk of walnut trees damage by critical low winter temperatures is significant. We assessed the hardiness of generative organs and the resistance to the most harmful diseases for all samples studied. According to the results of study, four of the most promising forms of Persian walnut breeding of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW) are selected.

Annotation

Persian walnut is traditionally popular in the Russian market. For the gardeners the creating of industrial plants is profitable, and from the sale of the harvest, and from the sale of valuable wood in the garden renovation. One of the key parameters for the modern horticulture is the availability of suitable varieties. Creating the varieties possessing along with high yield, the resistance to cold, the complex of other valuable features and properties (early maturing, complex resistance to drought and major diseases � anthracnosis and bacteriosis during epiphytoties, and vermins � codling moth and dusky veined walnut aphids, the self-compatibility, high commodity and consumer quality fruit with a high content of nutrients and bioactive substances, etc..) can be an effective way in solving the breeding problems The article presents the results of breeding of Persian walnut in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (NCRRIH&V). From hybrid fund the four types on a range of biological and agronomic traits are selected and studied for a wide introduction to the peasant and farmers' economies. Oven Persian walnut is obtained in 1988, when the cultivar Pelan was pollen by cultivar Iziaschniy. Cultivar Nadezhda is the elite seedling isolated in 1996 in local seed populations. Cultivar Rodina is the elite seedling selected in 1996 in the local seed populations. Cultivar Dachniy is isolated from the seedlings of an open pollination variety of Ideal (mutation breeding). Sowing of seeds was held in 1990. In the process of study the detailed information was received about the morphological and biological characteristics and properties of varieties. Also the results of phenological observations and analysis of yield and fruit quality are presented.

Annotation

The literary review of data on lateral walnut fructification is adduced in the article. The prospects of this trait for use in a breeding programs are shown and the method of an assessment of trait manifestation on the phenotypic level is shown. It is noted that the lateral type of fructification is a leading walnut trait for an assessment of components defining productivity. Using data on quantity of female flowers in the lateral position and percent of the fruits received from them, it is possible to calculate an index of a tree productivity. This index correlates with long-term data on productivity and can be used at an initial assessment of perspective walnut forms. This method is suitable for the search of walnut valuable forms during expeditions. The received values can be interpreted as follows: productivity index of less than 200 � low, 201-400 � average, 401-500 � high, more than 501 � very high productivity index. The positive correlation between lateral walnut fructification and low resistance to winter frosts and bacteriosis defeat is established, however intraspecific hybridization allows to neutralize these negative qualities under the conditions of the South of Russia. There is the conclusion that the use of forms with lateral fructification is the extremely perspective direction in the walnut breeding on productivity.