Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The walnut assortment in the south of Russia needs improvement and addition varieties with grades with high adaptability to the volatile climate of region. One of aspects of breeding programs is existence of genetic resources with a wide range of economic and valuable traits. In the NCRRIH&V since 2012 the research work on mobilization of a gene pool of the sort Juglans for breeding is forced. According to the priorities in walnut breeding the work includes the foreign varieties and search of highly productive local forms. Work on selection of forms for an introduction was carried out in 2012-2015 in the territory of Krasnodar Region, and also in some other regions of the Russian Federation: Rostov, Volgograd, Ryazan and Tula regions. For primary assessment of productivity used such indicators as quantity of nuts in kg/tree and a visual assessment in points. As a result the collection of Institute was added with twenty varieties and forms allowing to increase in resistance of new walnut varieties to stressor and also to increase in productivity and quality of fruits. The perspective samples on the parameters, the most actual for breeding process, have been selected. The mobilized genetic resources can significantly add a walnut collection NCRRIH&V with such major traits as frost resistance, high productivity and resistance to pathogens of various origin. This material is certainly interesting to inclusion in the breeding process, and on this basis the new varieties combining the high productivity with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressor will be created.

Annotation

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the leading nut crops. Brown spot Marssonina juglandis P. Magn, caused by the fungus Gnoonia leptostyla Ces. et De Not, the most common and harmful disease affecting walnut plants. The diseaseaffects mainly leaves, shoots and fruits. In wet years with heavy rainfall in the first half of summer, especially favorable conditions are created for the development of brown spotting, which leads to large yield losses, sometimes up to 50 % or more. The purpose of the study is to identify the most resistant genotypes for use in breeding based on a long-term field assessment of resistance to brown spot of walnuthybrid forms. The objects of studyare 21 promising hybrid forms of walnuts bred at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW.Control � variety Rodina. The garden was planted in 2014, according to the layout of 5 × 4 m. The studies were carried out on a natural agrobackground in a selection garden in 2019-2021, in the central part of the Kuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of CJSC OPKh Tsentralnoye, Krasnodar. The degree of damage to the hybrid forms of the walnut Marssonina juglandis P. Magn was assessed using a scale from 0 to 5 points. It was revealed that Marssonina juglandis P. Magn annually causes damage to walnut plants, and the degree of disease damage depends on the prevailing weather conditions. According to long-term data, hybrid forms of walnut resistant to brown spot have been identified: 17-2-35, 17-3-10, 17-3-12, 17-3-13.17-3-16, 17-3-22, 17 -3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, the degree of damage over the years of study of which varied from 1.1 to 2.0 points; the maximum did not exceed 2.0 points. The identified forms of walnut are promising for further breeding for resistance to Marssonina juglandis P. Magn.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of study of new Persian walnut breeding forms created from directed crosses using parental forms, possessing a complex of breeding valuable and promising for production features. In this connection, a comprehensive assessment of new walnut forms to select the best candidates for varieties is relevant area for scientific search. The aim of the research was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of new breeding walnut forms to reveal the best of them, combining in its genotype the complex of important signs for further use in breeding and expansion of the group of promising varieties. It was established according the analysis of the results of a comprehensive assessment that most of the studied hybrid forms of walnut Persian (17-2/1, 17-2/17, 17-2/19, 17-5/17, 17-1/14, 17-2/5, 17-2/17, 17-2/19, 17-5/10, 17-5/17) have a field resistance to the main diseases such as brown spotting and bacteriosis. It is revealed that five perfect walnut forms 17-2/5, 17-2/16, 17-2/19, 17-5/5, 17-5/10 are characterized by a comparative early maturity (the beginning of fruiting at 5-6 years) in combination with high productivity (18.7-19.3 kg/tree or 3.7-3.9 t/hectare) when the planting scheme of 10x5 m. High tasting assessment (4.5 points) and fruit quality of the fruits were the characteristics of hybrid walnut forms of 17-2 /1 and 17-6/10. Hybrid walnut forms were identified by a set of positive signs (17-2/17, 17-2/16, 17-2/19, 17-5/5, 17-6/10), possessing economically valuable and breeding significant traits, these forms of interest for further breeding work and replenishment of fruit crops assortment with walnut Persian varieties of domestic selection.

Annotation

Walnut Persian has long been Common in the North Caucasus, but its orchards are from seed origin mainly and localized mainly in the forest farms and the individual sector. Their productivity due to connection with a variety of seeds is low. This level of yield does not correspond to the genetic potential of the crop, therefore, the gradual replacement of unproductive seed plantations with varietal is one of the main ways of intensification the tree farming industry in the North Caucasus Region. The North Caucasus, and in particular the Krasnodar Territory, has the favorable soil and climatic conditions for the development of industrial walnut production. The cultivation of walnut on a varietal basis in recent years has become possible because of the successful solution of the problem of creating a regional assortment and technology of growing of grafted planting material. As a result of the study, it was breeded and zoned the varieties such as Aurora, Dachny, Zarya Vostoka, Lyubimy Petrosyana, Nadezhda, Oven, Pelan, Rodina, Urojainy and a number of promising varieties (with apical-lateral and lateral fruiting � Cavkazec, Novinka, Nakhodka, Khutorok, Arpet , Desertny, Izyashchny, Maslyanichny, Selektsioner, Sovkhozny, Konkistador, Olympyets, possessing a complex of economically valuable properties. A number of varieties have the increasing winter hardness and in the cold extreme winters are able to preserve a significant part of fruit wood. Other varieties have a late flowering and thus avoid returning spring frosts, which ultimately improves the economic efficiency of cultivated fruit production and reduces the risk of loss from adverse environmental climatic factors. The article presents four new promising va-rieties of walnut, of FSBI NCFSCHVW breeding which are recommended for widespread production testing under the conditions of the Prikubansky zone of the Krasnodar Territory, as for well as their transfer to the State variety Testing.

Annotation

Persian walnuts are high in calories and rich in nutritional composition. Daily use of nuts in enough quantity can make a significant contribution to the diet. Under the laboratorian conditions, on the basis of NCFSCHVW, the examination of walnut fruits in full maturity was carried our. Purpose of the work: on the basis of technical and biochemical analysis of the fruits of promising walnut forms at the stage of full maturity, to identify the genotypes with high fruits quality for further selection and industrial production. The quality of fruits and biochemical composition of the kernel of 19 promising walnut forms of 17-3-12, 17-3-41, 17-3-10, 17-2-35, 17-3-16, 17-2-41, 17 -3-27, 17-3-34,17-3-44, 17-3-24, 17-3-9, 17-2-30, 17-3-29, 17-3-19, 17-3 -22, 17-2-26, 17-3-48, 17-3-30, 17-2-44 was studied, they were growing in the central part of the Kuban fruit zone of the Krasnodar territory, on the basis of the EPH "Tsentralnoye" of Krasnodar, planting year 2014, placement scheme 5x4 m. The results of the study carried out showed that all the studied forms of walnut are thin-crust, the thickness of the shell ranges is from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. The percentage of the kernel ranged is from 45.1 to 73.4%. The fat content in the studied hybrid forms of walnuts is in the range from 51.9 to 72.1%. The amount of total phenols ranged from 0.67 to 6.37 g / kg. The amount of carbohydrates varied from 12.55 to 42.87 g / kg. Dry water-soluble substances content is from 17 to 46.9 g / kg. The insoluble residue is from 24.5 to 43.7%.