Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In recent years, a tendency to increase the negative impact of low-temperature stressors in the winter and spring periods on walnut (Juglans regia L.) plants has been noted in the conditions of the North Caucasian region of southern Russia. The most dangerous is lowering the temperature to negative values during the growing season in the spring, since walnut trees are very vulnerable due t o recurrent spring frosts, even a slight decrease in air temperature can cause significant damage to plants. Just one frost event can lead to crop loss. With an increase in the temperature regime in the spring, the development of buds and the growth of annual shoots begin in the walnut, as a result of which their vulnerability to freezing is constantly increasing. The purpose of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes for creating walnut varieties with increased resistance to cold stress, promising for cultivation in the south of Russia. Modern programs and methods of breeding and varietal study were used. The results of a long-term study (2019-2022) of walnut collection samples growing in the conditions of the North Caucasus region are presented. The study found that all hybrid forms are of Asian origin. Most damage from low temperatures was noted in hybrid seedlings from the family Ya-B-84. This fact is due to the seedlings obtained from the family Ya-B-84 and are second-generation hybrids from the Central Asian variety Bostanlyksky, while other hybrid families have Central Asian forms in the third and fourth generation. Thus, the low adaptability in the conditions of the North Caucasus in seedlings from the family � Ya-B-84 is explained by the significant presence of the introduced germplasm in the origin. Hybrid walnut forms resistant to low-temperature stressors of the winter-spring period have been identified: 17-3-34, 17-3-41, 17-3-44, 17-2-20, 17-2-26, 17-2-30, 17-2-35, 17-2-41, 17-3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, 17-3-30, 17-3-48, 17-3-12, 17- 3-16, 17-3-22, with a maximum degree of freezing in winter � 1 point, in spring � 2 points (when the temperature drops to -2.7 º C in the second decade of April 2020).

Annotation

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the leading nut crops. Brown spot Marssonina juglandis P. Magn, caused by the fungus Gnoonia leptostyla Ces. et De Not, the most common and harmful disease affecting walnut plants. The diseaseaffects mainly leaves, shoots and fruits. In wet years with heavy rainfall in the first half of summer, especially favorable conditions are created for the development of brown spotting, which leads to large yield losses, sometimes up to 50 % or more. The purpose of the study is to identify the most resistant genotypes for use in breeding based on a long-term field assessment of resistance to brown spot of walnuthybrid forms. The objects of studyare 21 promising hybrid forms of walnuts bred at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW.Control � variety Rodina. The garden was planted in 2014, according to the layout of 5 × 4 m. The studies were carried out on a natural agrobackground in a selection garden in 2019-2021, in the central part of the Kuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of CJSC OPKh Tsentralnoye, Krasnodar. The degree of damage to the hybrid forms of the walnut Marssonina juglandis P. Magn was assessed using a scale from 0 to 5 points. It was revealed that Marssonina juglandis P. Magn annually causes damage to walnut plants, and the degree of disease damage depends on the prevailing weather conditions. According to long-term data, hybrid forms of walnut resistant to brown spot have been identified: 17-2-35, 17-3-10, 17-3-12, 17-3-13.17-3-16, 17-3-22, 17 -3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, the degree of damage over the years of study of which varied from 1.1 to 2.0 points; the maximum did not exceed 2.0 points. The identified forms of walnut are promising for further breeding for resistance to Marssonina juglandis P. Magn.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of study of new Persian walnut breeding forms created from directed crosses using parental forms, possessing a complex of breeding valuable and promising for production features. In this connection, a comprehensive assessment of new walnut forms to select the best candidates for varieties is relevant area for scientific search. The aim of the research was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of new breeding walnut forms to reveal the best of them, combining in its genotype the complex of important signs for further use in breeding and expansion of the group of promising varieties. It was established according the analysis of the results of a comprehensive assessment that most of the studied hybrid forms of walnut Persian (17-2/1, 17-2/17, 17-2/19, 17-5/17, 17-1/14, 17-2/5, 17-2/17, 17-2/19, 17-5/10, 17-5/17) have a field resistance to the main diseases such as brown spotting and bacteriosis. It is revealed that five perfect walnut forms 17-2/5, 17-2/16, 17-2/19, 17-5/5, 17-5/10 are characterized by a comparative early maturity (the beginning of fruiting at 5-6 years) in combination with high productivity (18.7-19.3 kg/tree or 3.7-3.9 t/hectare) when the planting scheme of 10x5 m. High tasting assessment (4.5 points) and fruit quality of the fruits were the characteristics of hybrid walnut forms of 17-2 /1 and 17-6/10. Hybrid walnut forms were identified by a set of positive signs (17-2/17, 17-2/16, 17-2/19, 17-5/5, 17-6/10), possessing economically valuable and breeding significant traits, these forms of interest for further breeding work and replenishment of fruit crops assortment with walnut Persian varieties of domestic selection.

Annotation

Walnut Persian has long been Common in the North Caucasus, but its orchards are from seed origin mainly and localized mainly in the forest farms and the individual sector. Their productivity due to connection with a variety of seeds is low. This level of yield does not correspond to the genetic potential of the crop, therefore, the gradual replacement of unproductive seed plantations with varietal is one of the main ways of intensification the tree farming industry in the North Caucasus Region. The North Caucasus, and in particular the Krasnodar Territory, has the favorable soil and climatic conditions for the development of industrial walnut production. The cultivation of walnut on a varietal basis in recent years has become possible because of the successful solution of the problem of creating a regional assortment and technology of growing of grafted planting material. As a result of the study, it was breeded and zoned the varieties such as Aurora, Dachny, Zarya Vostoka, Lyubimy Petrosyana, Nadezhda, Oven, Pelan, Rodina, Urojainy and a number of promising varieties (with apical-lateral and lateral fruiting � Cavkazec, Novinka, Nakhodka, Khutorok, Arpet , Desertny, Izyashchny, Maslyanichny, Selektsioner, Sovkhozny, Konkistador, Olympyets, possessing a complex of economically valuable properties. A number of varieties have the increasing winter hardness and in the cold extreme winters are able to preserve a significant part of fruit wood. Other varieties have a late flowering and thus avoid returning spring frosts, which ultimately improves the economic efficiency of cultivated fruit production and reduces the risk of loss from adverse environmental climatic factors. The article presents four new promising va-rieties of walnut, of FSBI NCFSCHVW breeding which are recommended for widespread production testing under the conditions of the Prikubansky zone of the Krasnodar Territory, as for well as their transfer to the State variety Testing.

Annotation

Persian walnuts are high in calories and rich in nutritional composition. Daily use of nuts in enough quantity can make a significant contribution to the diet. Under the laboratorian conditions, on the basis of NCFSCHVW, the examination of walnut fruits in full maturity was carried our. Purpose of the work: on the basis of technical and biochemical analysis of the fruits of promising walnut forms at the stage of full maturity, to identify the genotypes with high fruits quality for further selection and industrial production. The quality of fruits and biochemical composition of the kernel of 19 promising walnut forms of 17-3-12, 17-3-41, 17-3-10, 17-2-35, 17-3-16, 17-2-41, 17 -3-27, 17-3-34,17-3-44, 17-3-24, 17-3-9, 17-2-30, 17-3-29, 17-3-19, 17-3 -22, 17-2-26, 17-3-48, 17-3-30, 17-2-44 was studied, they were growing in the central part of the Kuban fruit zone of the Krasnodar territory, on the basis of the EPH "Tsentralnoye" of Krasnodar, planting year 2014, placement scheme 5x4 m. The results of the study carried out showed that all the studied forms of walnut are thin-crust, the thickness of the shell ranges is from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. The percentage of the kernel ranged is from 45.1 to 73.4%. The fat content in the studied hybrid forms of walnuts is in the range from 51.9 to 72.1%. The amount of total phenols ranged from 0.67 to 6.37 g / kg. The amount of carbohydrates varied from 12.55 to 42.87 g / kg. Dry water-soluble substances content is from 17 to 46.9 g / kg. The insoluble residue is from 24.5 to 43.7%.