Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Tyshchenko Evgenya
Articles in journal: (total 23)
At present, the influence of invasive species has increased significantly in the cenoses of fruit and ornamental plants. Harmful coccids (scale insects) easily invade with seedlings and cuttings of fruit and ornamental crops imported into our country. Once in a new region, they quickly master due to their high fertility and good protection from the effects of adverse external conditions. In recent decades, the rates of the invasion process have accelerated everywhere; over the previous 80 years, about 100 foreign species of herbivorous insects settled on the territory of the former USSR, a significant part of them are classified as harmful and quarantine species, of which 57 species have clear signs of harmfulness. Every year, new species of phytophages are identified, which lead to the death of host plants and destabilization of the phytosanitary situation in artificial and natural ecosystems. Therefore, at present, it is relevant to study the features of the invasive process of pests of fruit and ornamental crops in order to develop protective measures against new pests. Monitoring of perennial plantings of ornamental and fruit crops in the Kuban zone of the central subzone of Krasnodar region revealed damage by tortoise scales: Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis Guer) and Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comst). This region can become a potential habitat for the development and distribution of the above species of phytophages, since the territory has the presence of suitable climatic and ecological conditions under which these pests can settle and develop. When assessing the potential for invasiveness of new species of coccids, in connection with their adaptation in the Krasnodar region, the facts of stepwise adaptation in different types of cenoses should be considered. Solving the problem of preventing biological invasions is one of the most important tasks of these studies, and in this regard, the development of a set of preventive measures is relevant.
Species, varieties and forms of plants, used in the gardening, have to combine in the genotype the high decorativeness and adaptability. Currently, in the South of Russia there is a deficit of wood-shrubby species, blossoming in the second half of the growing season under the dry hot conditions of summer and autumn, so the Syrian Hibiscus represents the considerable interest. The purpose of our research is to develop the scientifically grounded assortment of Hibiscus Syrian for landscape construction in the southern regions of Russia. The object of the research is the plants of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian of different ecological and geographical origin, the plants of local population of seed origin and the selections of promising hybrids. Research methods used in the work are the introduction, route inspections and the comparative evaluation of varieties. The short results of introduction of some varieties of Hibiscus Syrian are given in this article. It is noted that the best adaptability have the next varieties: cv. Speciosus, cv. Carneus Plenus, cv. Rassian Violet, cv. Hamabo. These varieties have a drought resistant and high decorativeness, but their winter hardiness is lowered. According to the results of the study of 2008-2013, the five hybrids were selected: T-21-12, T-18, T-11-7-11, T-16-11, K-26-12. Short description of the selected forms of Hibiscus Syrian is given. It is noted that these hybrids combine in the genotype the valuable decorative characteristics and the high resistance to abiotic stress factors, typical to the southern regions of Russia. The hybrids selected in the research work are transferred to experimental farm for further reproduction. Promising forms of Hibiscus Syrian will supplement the assortment of introduced varieties and will allow to create a landscape compositions, examined in the gardening, and a long conveyor of continuous blossoming since the end of June to the middle of October.
Perspective cherry (Cerasus Mill.) forms and varieties are allocated for planting greenery in the south of Russia. The basic decorative and economic-biological signs for estimation of varieties and forms of decorative cherry are revealed. The short characteristic and variants of varieties and forms use in the landscape building is given
The approach to a method of an estimation of decorative signs of Hibiscus syrian (Hibiscus syriacus L.) is offered. The scale consisting of 15 signs is developed. Each feature is estimated by five-point scale, and then indexed by coefficient value of the trait. The general instructions according to each decorative signs are given.
A retrospective analysis of the culture of roses in the industrial horticulture of the world, a review of the rose assortment of various garden groups and special agrotechnical methods of plants cultivation in an open ground and in greenhouses is carried out. The relevance of the variety study of this plants group and the prospects for its use in the phytodesign are substantiated. The objects are low growing varieties from spray rose groups, miniature roses, and interior design projects with their participation. At the first stage of the work, a study of the assortment in collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out and selected the varieties of roses from these groups for landscaping the designed interiors. In the working process, the most demanded options in a modern style were selected. The main ideas of the projects were the creation of a constructive connection of plant composition with the modern interior and the architectural and planning purpose of the room, corresponding with biological features of plants. Designed interiors within the boundaries of a single room included the rose compositions of the Regensberg and Clementine varieties, and color potpourri from plants of different varieties: Malchik-s-Palchik, Bridal Meillandina, Thumbelina. Depending on the level of natural illumination, the plants were placed in a sub window space or central zone. To the care of plants (watering, fertilizer, spraying, pruning, etc.) the design solutions assumed free access zones. The use of roses in gardening contributed to a significant increase in the artistic expression of the environment. The main organizational ideas of the developed projects were the creation of a constructive connection of the plant composition with the participation of roses to the stylistics of the modern interior, adherence to the principles of rationalism, functionality and aesthetics. This approach provided the artistic Expressiveness and uniqueness of design projects and allowed to create a special emotionally active interior, ensuring the cultural integrity of the object, which united the plants with the objective world.