Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Construction of plantings, forming of crown
The results of assessment of embryonic fruitfulness at new table grape varieties of domestic breeding are presented. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different varieties considerably differs, despite of identical conditions of growth environment. Considering the significant influence of biological features and also environment conditions on laying of embryonic inflorescences and yielding of plantings, the task is to establish the regularities of embryonic inflorescences formations and to optimize the cutting length of shoots for the table varieties of Akello, Hamlet, K.M. Dubovsky, Dubovsky Red. Studying of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out on the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of continental climate of the Volgograd Region. Selection of shoots and the assessment of embryonic fruitfulness of the wintering buds were carried out in the period of deep physiological dormancy of plants by a microscope in NCFSCHVW laboratory. The regularity of making and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of the studied grape varieties and also the differentiation indicators of coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness on length of shoots, as well as the adaptive potential of varieties under the stressful conditions of 2018 is determined. The highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness and also adaptive potential under the conditions of temperature and water stressor have had Akello and Hamlet grapes. Akello had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in a zone of 6-7 wintering buds. For maintaining the maximum economic efficiency of grapes the optimum length of shoots pruning for Akello after stressful conditions of vegetation has to be 8 eyes. The Hamlet grapes had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness in a zone of 3 wintering buds. The pruning length of shoots has to be 4 buds. At variety K.M. Dubovsky and Dubovsky Red was observed a low adaptive potential under conditions of high-temperature and water stresses. To establish the optimum length of shoots pruning of these varieties the research will be continued.
Under the ecological conditions of the Lower Pridonia of the Russian Federation, on the example of a promising grape variety of interspecies origin Crystal, the long term research was carried out to establish the optimal parameters of various agro-technical techniques used in the vineyard (the way of management, formation, pruning and the rate of load of bushes by shoots and harvest). At the same time, the prerequisite for these experiments was to link of agrotechnical way under study with the scheme of bushes planting taking into account its impact the productivity of non-cover up vineyards, as well as the quality of the harvest. Based on the results of research carried out, the technological and economic benefits of new methods offered by us, under the conditions of the Don, for industrial and intensive ways of formation and maintenance of vineyards. Thus, on the usual, non-cover up high-stamp vineyards of industrial type were more effective the ways of bushes keeping on a bunk trellis, with free development of shoots, with the scheme of bushes planting of 3.0 x 1.5 m using the formations: zigzag cordon and Y-shaped. And in the intensive plantations with scheme of bushes planting of 3.0 x 0.5 m the highest productivity of labor and productivity of vine plants is noted when applying a medium-stamp small bowl-shaped mould on a simplified single-wire trellis. The high adaptability of the Kristall variety to the ecological conditions of the Lower Don Region was established. In almost all variants of the experiment, the following were noted: the high fruitfulness of the shoots and their productivity, as well as the yield of the bushes with high technological conditions of berry juice. There was a more intensive increase in the yield of bushes with rare grape plantations in comparison with compacted plantations.
The influence of layout schemes on the peculiarities of the production process of apple plants of the varieties Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious Rangers, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Gala and Fuji grafted on a dwarf rootstock M9 was studied. The experiments were carried out in 2016-2019 in high-density plantations of apple trees planted in 2016 with application of intensive cultivation technology under the conditions of the Kuban educational farm Kuban in the Kuban horticultural zone. Three layout schemes were studied in the experiment: 4,0 × 1,5 m (control), 4,0 × 1,0 m, 4,0 × 0,5 m. Start of the period of marketable fruiting of apple plantations was noted in the third year after the garden was laid. It was found that when the plantings were compacted, the formation of generative buds was activated. The greatest number of useful ovaries in apple plants of all studied varieties was formed with the control layout scheme 4.0 × 1.5 m, which affected the productivity of plants - the highest yield (kg/tree). The difference with the experimental variants was 11,251,2 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 0,5 m); up to 13,4 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m). However, under conditions of maximum compaction (4,0 × 0,5 m), the yield of plants (t/ha) was higher by 27,2-140,0 % in comparison with the control variant of the experiment. With the layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m, the difference with the control was 25,0-85,0 %. It was noted that the compaction of plantations did not have a significant effect on the commercial quality of fruits the average weight of fruits (150-246 g) did not decrease or decreased slightly relative to the control; also, no influence of the planting schemes on the sugar content in the fruits of apple plants was noted.