Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The assessment of the diversity of fungal communities and the study of the bioindicational significance of mycological indicators is relevant for the biomonitoring of ampelocenoses. This article shows the results of studying the quantitative and qualitative composition of communities of saprotrophic micromycetes associated with annual shoots of wild and cultivated grape plants. The study was conducted in 2020 in various districts of the Krasnodar Territory (Western Ciscaucasia). The objects of the study were wild grape plants from the natural conditions of the forest ecotopes of the state reserve "Utrish "(Anapa district) and Krymsky district, as well as cultivated grape plants of 4 varieties of grapes of different genotypes, cultivated in the plantings of JSC agrofirm �Yuzhnaya� (Temryuk district). Studies have shown that the number of saprotrophic micromycetes associated with the annual vine varies depending on the place of sampling and ranges from 232.9...3203.2 thousand. CFU/g of dry matter on wild grapes and in the range of 118.9...344.1 thousand. CFU / g of dry matter on cultivated grapes. The highest densities of fungal populations � 1119.7 and 3203.2 CFU/g of dry matter � were recorded on vines from forest ecotopes, the lowest index of 118.9 CFU / g of dry matter was recorded on vines from ampelocenosis, on wild vines the main share in the studied fungal communities was occupied by hyphal or mold fungi, on average their share was 95.1 %, while yeast occupied 4.2 %, and yeast-like fungi 0.7 % of the complex. On cultivated vines, hyphal fungi also occupied a large part in the structure of fungal communities, but their share was 1.7 times less than on wild plants. Yeast (26.5 %) and yeast-like fungi (18.4 %) accounted for a much larger share.

Annotation

The share of raisin grapes in the total grape production in the country is very small. Of the 106 table grape varieties included in the register, only 4 varieties are raisin (Kishmish Luchisty, Korinka Russkaya, Yuzhnobarazhny, Yaltinskiy Bessemianny). These varieties are very popular, because their berries are used both fresh and dried. This article describes the seedless grape varieties of early and middle ripening period studied in the Anapa ampelographic collection: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapy, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Kishmish Luchisty, Shayan, Kishmish Moldavsky and Mechta. The results of phenological, agrobiological and economic observations are presented. According to phenological observations, the Lotos variety belongs to the group of early ones, to the group of early-medium ones � Kishmish Luchisty and Shayan, the others � to the group of medium ones. According to the agrobiological data, it was shown that the productivity of all the studied grape varieties is rather high. The highest coefficient of fruiting is observed in the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy, Mechta. In terms of the average mass of the bunch, the Kishmish Moldavsky (530 g), Kishmish Rozovy AZOS (500 g), Zhemchug Anapy (465 g) and Shayan (435 g) are stood out. The high content of sugars distinguished the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Moldavsky. The highest tasting marks were given to the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy. The results can be used to improve the assortment of grapes on the Black Sea coast, and for selection work on the development of new varieties. By their agrobiological indicators, these varieties are technological and meet modern requirements for industrial cultivation.

Annotation

With the increase and shift of the physiologically significant air temperature in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the south of Russia in the period from 1975 to 2018, there were significant changes in the phenological cycles of the Occidentalis C. Negr. The duration of the growing season from budbreak to physiological maturity of grapes decreased for Riesling Italian by 18, Sauvignon Blanc by 21, Cabernet Sauvignon by 14 days. For the Riesling Italian variety, the duration of the period from budbreak to flowering decreased by 6 days, from flowering to veraison by 6 days, from veraison to physiological maturity by 5 days, for the Sauvignon Blanc variety, respectively, by 4, 2 and 15 days, for Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5, 1 and 7 days. The beginning of budbreak shifted to a later date � for Riesling Italian for 1 day, Cabernet Sauvignon for 2 days, for Sauvignon Blanc it remained unchanged. The beginning of all other phases of vegetation shifted to earlier dates. The beginning of flowering shifted for Riesling Italian by 3 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 5 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 3 days. The beginning of veraison shifted for Riesling Italian by 7 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 6 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5 days. The beginning of physiological maturity shifted for Riesling Italian by 12 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 21 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 12 days. The duration of all phases of the growing season has a close positive correlation with the sum of active air temperatures (r = 0.70�0.91). The duration of the period from budbreak to flowering is in a close negative correlation with the average temperature (r = -0.71�-0.80), in a close and average negative � with the minimum temperature (r = -0,88�-0.55). Veraison has a close negative correlation with the average and minimum air temperature (r = -0.74�-0.71).

Annotation

The authors of the article show the results of studies of several new places of growing wild forms of grapes in the Krasnodar region, namely on the territory of the state nature reserve �Utrish�, the nature reserve �Red Forest�, in the forests and floodplain of the Psebeps river of the Crimean district. In the Utrish Nature Reserve, grape populations were discovered and studied in the tracts: Waterfall Gap, Wide Gap and Lobanova Gap. During the expeditions, ecological and geographical characteristics of the habitats of wild forms of grapes were given, a complete description of the vegetation of the studied ecotopes was carried out, as well as morphological and biological qualitative and quantitative indicators (more than 40 units) of wild grapes, as well as their phytosanitary condition were studied in detail. When analyzing scientific literature data, it was found that there is insufficient scientific information on the ecological c onditions of growth and biological features of both the genus Vitis L. and the entire Vitaceae Juss family. This is especially true of Kuban wild plants, feral forms and autochthons of grapes. In this regard, there is an urgent need for this study. The study of wild grapes was carried out using route- reconnoitering, geobotanical, ampelographic, analytical methods. As a result, the variability of many morphological indicators of the vegetative and generative spheres of wild grape plants was found to varying degrees, both at the interpopulation and endogenous levels. Populations, as well as individual grape plants, differ in: the shape of the leaf blade, the openness of the tip of the young shoot, the degree of weblike cotton of the crown of the young shoot, the depth of the upper lateral clippings of the leaf, the degree of cotton of the underside of the leaf, etc. The following pathogens were detected on wild grape forms: Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burrill, Phomopsis viticola Sacc., Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc. Damage to the leaf apparatus was found from following pests: Colomerus vitis Pgst. (grape bud mite), Metcalfa pruinosa Say. (flatid planthopper), and polyphagous leaf-eating insects.

Annotation

The analysis of the epiphytic microflora of the leaves of wild grapes growing in the forest near the river and the mountain slope of the Crimean district was carried out. The research was carried out in 2020-2021. The number and structure of complexes of micromycetes associated with grape leaves were determined by swab test method of diluted suspension on a dense nutrient medium (PSA). The structure of the complex of micromycetes associated with leaves in grape plants growing in the floodplain of the river in the spring period was characterized by an abundance of yeast (61,3%), and in plants growing in the forest, mycelial, yeast and yeast-like fungi were approximately in equal proportions. By the beginning of autumn, mycelial fungi dominated in the structure of micromycetes of both ecotopes. The total number of microscopic fungi on the leaf surface of wild grapes changed under the influence of environmental conditions. The leaf apparatus of grape plants from the forest had a smaller number of micromycetes (on average for 2 years ranged from 1315.2...5094.7 thous. CFU /1gr dry matter), compared with plants growing in the floodplain of the river (on average for 2 years ranged from 5116.1 to 9279.7 thous. CFU /1gr dry matter). Thus, the total number of microflorae of grape leaves is affected by the humidity regime of the air and soil. Species of the genus Cladosporium sp. � 44.4 % (May), Phomopsis sp. � 65.8-78.2 % (July-September) were distinguished as dominant on the leaves of wild grapes of the forest area during the growing season. In the sample growing in the floodplain of the river, the dominant ones were: Phomopsis sp. (54.8 % in May; 82.4 % in September) and Cladosporium sp. (53.6 % in June; 35.3 % in July).