Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Polymorphism of 10 microsatellite loci of Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi grapes and their certified clones was studied. An analysis of previously identified by clonal selection grapes protoclones is conducted with perspective for clonal polymorphism identification SSR-markers. 7 protoclones of Cabernet Sauvignon and 2 protoclones of Saperavi with differences in the studied loci from original cultivares are allocated.

Annotation

The fundamental basis for the solving of theoretical and applied problems of breeding is the culture gene pool. Native, age-old varieties of various regions of grapes cultivation, as well as wild forms, is the most valuable part of a world gene pool of culture. Local native varieties represent a great interest for solving of applied problems of breeding and fundamental questions. Just in genotypes of autochthonic varieties of grapes the complexes of traits providing adaptability of plants to specific agriclimatic conditions of cultivation can be revealed. The purpose of this work is studying of genotypes of the South Russian native grapes varieties on the basis of the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. Researches on genotyping of autochthonic grapes varieties of the South of Russia are begun. DNA profiles of 12 native varieties on microsatellite loci of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are received. It is established that each grapes variety has the own unique DNA profile. The varieties with rare alleles are determined by the studied loci in the research group of grapes varieties

Annotation

Allelic polymorphism of two apple-tree Md-EXP7 and Md-PG1 genes affected the density and the texture of fruits pulp of 21 modern and autochthonic (national breeding) apple-tree varieties of the Crimean are studied. The microsatellite markers to the specified genes, marked by fluorescent colers are used in the work. As result on a gene of Md-EXP7 9 heterozygotic samples (allelic combinations 198:202; 202:206; 202:214) and 11 homozygotic samples (alleles 200:200 and 202:202) are revealed. On a locus of Md-PG1 gene 14 homozygotic samples with an allelic combination 298:298 and 7 heterozygotic samples (alleles 288:298 and 291:298) are identified. It is known when the microsatellite repetition of Md-EXP7 marker is shorter, the fruit pulp is more dense: were Sinap white, Sinap Sudaksky, Amulet, Balaklavskoye and Tatar winter were the most valuable genotypes. On Md-PG1 marker the most valuable were the Amulet, Balaklavskoye, Demir Alma, Kandil Sinap, Salgirskoye and Sinap white with an allelic set 288:298, and also the Rumyanka Crimean and Tatarskoye winter with an allelic set 291:298. The consideration of results of the analysis of allelic polymorphism and combinations of alleles of Md-EXP7 gene of autochthonic Crimea varieties showed that 9 from 11 of national breeding varieties have the alleles of 198, 200 or 202 defining the high (198) or the average level of density (200 and 202). On the basis of its data it is possible to assume the existence of purposeful selection of an apple-tree forms by sign "quality of fruits" in the course of national breeding of an apple-tree in the region of studied varieties origin.

Annotation

DNA-markers are an important tool for identifying grape varieties, making it possible to assume the origin of the variety, and to confirm or deny the information about the parent forms of a particular genotype. SSR markers of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the main minimum set in the work on genotyping the grape varieties. Using this set of SSR markers, we were genotyping the grape varieties of Antaris, Litdar, Mitsar, Dmitriy of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding. As a control to clarify the size of identified alleles, we used the DNA of reference varieties of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. DNA samples were isolated from young shoots. DNA profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with analysis of the reaction`s products by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the obtained genotyping data, the following DNA passports of varieties were formed: Antaris VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27193 195 VVMD5230 242 VrZAG62188 200 VrZAG79251 261; Litdar VVS2133 135 VVMD7249 249 VVMD27180 195 VVMD5236 240 VrZAG62186 204 VrZAG79247 255; Mitsar VVS2139 143 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27182 190 VVMD5238 242 VrZAG62194 202 VrZAG79247 259; Dmitriy VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 251 VVMD27190 190 VVMD5234 234 VrZAG62194 194 VrZAG79243 261. To clarify the origin of the studied varieties, we compared the data obtained and the DNA profiles of the corresponding parent forms. The information about the origin of the varieties Antaris (Saperavi x Tsimlyanskiy chornyi), Litdar (Hindogny x Muscat Hamburg), Mitsar (Sereksiya x Cabernet Sauvignon), Dmitriy (Varusset x Granatovyi) is fully consistent with the data obtained by analyzing the DNA profiles of the genotypes of these varieties and their parent forms. Generated DNA passports can be used to identify the plants of these varieties and to check the planting material for purity, as well as for copyright protection.

Annotation

The article summarizes the current data as regards the actual problem - molecular-genetic control of ethylene biosynthesis in apple, directly affects the fruit quality and storability. Solution of this problem is not possible without an exact understanding of the ethylene synthesis mechanisms, reception and transmission of ethylene signal, biochemical pathways controlling the level of ethylene synthesis. Searching for actual and complex information complicated by the large number of foreign articles, considering only partial steps, regulating the level of ethylene biosynthesis. It is clear that the multiple genes has contribution to such traits, as fruit structure and storability, so the aim of this work was generalization of currently available information on ethylene biosynthesis and control. The article reviews the ethylene reception inhibitors (1 - M�P and AVG), the ethylene biosynthesis pathways are considered (system 1 and 2) and the key enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis (ACC synthase and ACS oxidase), and genes encoding these enzymes - Md-ACS1, Md-ACS2, Md-ACS3, Md-ACS5A and MdACS5B - for ACC-synthase and Md-ACO1, Md-ACO2, Md-ACO3 and Md-ACO4 - for ACC-oxidase. Ethylene signal cascading the transmission mechanisms, which include the receptors of ETR, ERS, RAN, CTR, EIN, EIN, EILs and ERF, and their molecular genetic control are reviewed. In addition, the article provides the information about genes of fruit structure, unrelated with ethylene - Md-Cel1, Md-PG1, Md-PG2 and Md-Exp7. The problems of QTL mapping, controlling fruit quality, namely related to ethylene biosynthesis are presented.