Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes one of the most harmful diseases of grapes � downy mildew. In the areas of the humid climate of the Black Sea coast of the North Caucasus, the pathogen causes particular damage. In the form of epiphytotic, Plasmopara viticola develops 6-7 times of 10 years and can cause`s the losses from 50 to 100 % of yeld, despite the presence of a large number of fungicides that can inhibit the harmfulness of this disease. The aim of the work was to test the microsatellite DNA markers of GOB, CES, ISA, and BER to study the diversity of P. viticola populations parasitizing in vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory. The material for the study were grape leaves of various varieties affected by mildew. The leaves was taken in May-July 2019 at various points in the Krasnodar Territory. P. viticola DNA was isolated from the diseased tissue of grape leaves using the �CytoSorb� developed by �Syntol� specifically for the diagnosis of phytopathogens. A total of 8 samples of P. viticola DNA were extracted. The study was carried out using the classical method of polymerase chain reaction with optimization of the number and duration of cycles, as well as the concentration of reagents. The size of the amplified fragments of the GOB, CES, ISA, and BER loci was estimated using an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer and using fragment analysis. Data analysis was carried out in the program Gene Mapper 4.1. The greatest polymorphism was detected by the GOB marker (15 types of alleles in eight studied samples). The GOB, CES, ISA, and BER markers can be used to study P. viticola populations wide spreading in the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory.

Annotation

The sterilization of explants is the most important step for the successful plants cultivation in vitro culture. The disinfectant have to neutralize the pathogenic microflora and do not damage of the plant tissues. This article present the assessment of the effectiveness of using the chlorine-containing tablets of the OKA-TAB trademark as an sterilizing substance for the rehabilitation of explants. One tablet of disinfectant contains 1.41-1.87g of active chlorine. For the illustrative treatment 0,5 % solution was used. The exposure time was 5 minutes. The presence of contamination, damage to the plant tissues (necrosis of objects) and the output of viable explants were taken into account. Apexes of SK 7, SK 2, SK 3, M 9, MM-106 apple rootstocks were introduced in vitro culture. Initiation was carried out during the active growth of shoots of apple rootstocks (May-June). Apexes were planted on a nutrient medium culture supplemented with the salts according to the prescription of Murashige and Skoog media (1962): ascorbic acid � 1 mg /l, vitamins of B1, B6 and PP � 0.5 mg /l, mesoinositol � 100 mg /l, sucrose � 30 g and agar-agar � 0,8 %, BAP � 0,4 mg /l. The plants were cultivated with the photoperiod of 16 hours, with air temperature of + 24 � 2 �C and illumination of 2-3 thousand lux. According to the study, it was found out that 0,5 % solution of chlorine-containing tablets at an exposure of 5 minutes had a higher efficiency. The yield of explants was 75-98 % depending on the genotype. Therefore, OKA-TAB tablets could be used for surface treatment of apple rootstock explants during the active period of shoot growth, as an alternative remedy to sublimate (0,1 %).

Annotation

The results of evaluation of short stratification periods with different durations influence the obtaining healthy microplants of sweet cherry hybrids from isolated unripe embryos in vitro culture are presented. Three sweet cherry varieties of super early, early and meddle term of ripening are studied. The sterilization scheme for immature sweet cherry embryos using a disinfectant in the form of tablets containing the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid was tested. The method showed the high efficiency, which was manifested in a low percentage of infected tubes. Three seeding were made at various times: after harvesting immediately, after 1 week, and after 3 weeks of stratification. The degree of plants development introduced in vitro culture was defined after 2, 3, and 5 weeks. Assessment of plants with root and leaves was carried out on a 5-point scale. Based on the development degree of plants introduced in vitro culture, a graph was created showing that the highest percentage of normally developing embryos of the Krasnodarskaya Rannya sweet cherry was observed in the group stratified for three weeks, than that stratified one week. In the group of the Krasa Kubani specimens, an opposite dependence is observed. The rate and degree of development of the Yaroslavna embryos without stratification are in the middle range between other studied samples with long and short stratification. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the varietal characteristics of samples prevail over the duration of stratification in order to increase in the yield of normally developed microplants obtained in vitro embryo culture.

Annotation

One of the most important scientific problems in the genetics of cultivated plants is study and conservation of genetic diversity. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grapes gene pool. Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the gene pool of grapes at the present time. Genotyping of the 14 Dagestan autochthonous grapes cultivars has done in our research: Asyl Kara, Bayat Kapy, Gimra, Gulaby Daghestanskiy, Joonga, Dubut, Mola Huseyn Tsibil, Rish Baba, Sarah, Tavlinskiy Pozdniy, Hatal Baar, Hop Halat, Khotsa Tsibil, Shavrany. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. Above-noted SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera genotyping. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on an automated genetic analyzer that provides data, corresponding to the modern world requirements for genotype identification. Using of multiplex PCR was tested in our work. Multiplex kits allow to optimize the time spending on analysis of DNA, as well as significantly reduce implementation costs. VVMD27 locus showed the highest polymorphism in the study of this group of Daghestan cultivars: 9 alleles per locus are identified; locus VrZAG62 showed the smallest polymorphism � 5 alleles / locus. The cultivars of grapes with uncommon alleles at the studied loci were determined in the analyzed varieties group. The information of number of microsatellite markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 for fingerprinting of analyzed samples of grapes cultivars is shown.

Annotation

The central part of Abkhazia is recognized as one of the regions where the cultural grapevine originates. Famous varieties that have created the fame of local wines as well as the less-studied genotypes and wild-growing forms grow here. The study of the local gene pool of grapes at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. As a part of the study of the Abkhazia grapes, we are carrying out DNA profiling of local cultivars. The purpose of this work is to study the genotype of the variety Azhshkuakua (Azhizhkvakva) variety. The Azhshkuakua plants growing in the collection of the agricultural company "Wines and Waters of Abkhazia", corresponding to the varietal description was used in the work. DNA was extracted from the apical part of young shoots of the cultivar`s plants by the method based on the use of CTAB. Genotyping was performed using SSR markers recommended for identification of grape varieties: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. The amplified PCR reaction products were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, followed by sizing using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of the control (reference) genotype with a known allelic composition (Pinot noir). Analysis of the obtained DNA profile of Azhizhkvakva in the international database of DNA-fingerprint of grape varieties revealed its correspondence to the profile of the Tsitska cultivar, which is considered an indigenous variety of Georgia. The genotypes of these cultivars can be considered synonymous, since they have almost identical morphological features. According to the literature and molecular genetic data, confirmed the high degree of genetic similarity of varieties, it can be assumed that these cultivars are clonal variations of the same genotype.