Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Downy mildew is one of the most common and harmful diseases of the grapevine, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The disease causes significant damage to the grape harvest and gets worse its quality. One of the most effective methods to control the disease is the cultivation of resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties Vitis vinifera (the basis of the modern high-quality assortment) practically have not the genetic resistance to this disease. Downy mildew resistant genotypes belong to the North American and Asian grape varieties, as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The search for resistance donors and their inclusion in the process of creating the new highly resistant genotypes is an important task of modern breeding and genetics. Today, more than 20 loci of resistance to downy mildew have been identified in the genome of grapes. Rpv12 gene was identified by S. Venuti et al. using QTL analysis. A set of DNA markers associated with the Rpv12 gene was also detected and recommended for DNA-marker breeding. The donor of this resistance gene is wild Vitis amurensis. We conducted a PCR study of the grape genotypes � potential gene carriers, according to their pedigree, using DNA markers (UDV343, UDV360) linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12. The separation of the reaction products was made by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. For DNA-markers testing, DNA of the Kunleany and Zarya Severa varieties was included in the work. According to the literature, the Rpv12 gene is presented in these varieties. Also, the varieties that do not carry the resistance gene (Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) were included in the work as negative controls. Targeted PCR products are identified in the Kunleany and Zarya Severa genotypes, that corresponds to the literature data, as well as in the genotypes Stepnyak and Vostorg.

Annotation

Molecular markers make it possible to identify varieties, study their origin, and identify synonyms, homonyms, and impurities in the collections. DNA passports of grape varieties present the genotype profiles for a set of microsatellite (SSR) loci. SSR markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the minimum basic set in the work on DNA-passportization of grape varieties. Using this indicated set of SSR markers, we genotyped the varieties of Barkhatny, Dostoyny, Krasnostop AZOS, Krasnostop Anapskiy and Phillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete grapes from the Anapa Zonal Station of Viticulture and Winemaking and also of the Muscat Hamburg variety included in the study as one of the parental forms of Barkhatny and Dostoyny varieties. The main method, which was used in the work, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the separation of reaction products on an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer. DNA of the Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon reference varieties was used as a control to refine the sizes of identified alleles. DNA was isolated by the CTAB method from the apical leaves of young shoots. Genotype analysis was carried out on DNA from a mixture of plant material of 3-5 typical plants for each variety. The genotypes of the studied varieties showed the different combinations of alleles on the studied microsatellite loci. As a result of DNA profiles analysis, we revealed that the Dostoyny grape variety has a different origin, namely the Muscat Hamburg is not its parent form, at the same time it was confirmed that the other parent form is Phillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete. The obtained DNA profiles of varieties can be used to identify them, verify the variety pure of uterine plantation and planting material, and protect the author's rights.

Annotation

The production of Russian wine is based on the use of active dry yeast imported into the Russian Federation from European countries � France, Germany, Italy. Meanwhile, it is known that the high-quality wines of a geographical name must be produced using the local yeast races. The search for such races (strains) is an urgent task. Analysis of the genetic diversity of wild yeast populations and the creation of their collections is a necessary initial step in creating the new promising strains for industrial winemaking. Such studies are ongoing in Europe to create terroarspecific yeast strains. Grapes were sampled to isolate and study the new local strains of wine yeast in the vineyards of Temryuk and Anapa districts of the Krasnodar Territory. DNA isolation, conditions for PCR and fragment analysis were carried out according to current methods. To analyze the polymorphism length of amplified fragments during SSR genotyping, a fragment analysis was used on an ABIprism 3130 automated genetic analyzer. The data obtained were visualized in Gene Mapper v 4.1. A variety of species and genera of yeast on the surface of grape berries has been established. Moreover, the �yield� of saccharomycetes amounted to about 30 % of the total number of monospore cultures obtained for each of the selection points. The results of the analysis of genetic Relationships and a number of technological characteristics of strains of Saccharomyces sp. Isolated from natural population in ampelocenoses are presented. It was revealed that the geographical factor influenced the occurrence of genetic isolation. The genetically removed strains display the significant differences in a number of physiological and biochemical characteristics.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the programs and methods of breeding and variety study generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the Center for Collective Use �Research and Breeding Collection of Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops� (CCU RBC GRHC). The objects of research are varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelic polymorphism of microsatellite sequences in the genome of collection specimens of the genus Malus Mill. as a starting material for further breeding. Genotyping of 48 apple varieties (of which: 44 diploids and 4 triploids) of the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out using 12 SSR markers: CH04c07, GD12, CH03d07, CH02C09, CH01h10, GD96, CH04e05, GD100, Hi02c07, GD147, CH01f02, CH02c11. Markers have been established that have: the largest number of alleles � GD12 (18 alleles); the smallest number of alleles � CH01h10 and Hi02c07 (10 alleles); the largest number of effective alleles � CH01f02 (9.018) and CH02c11 (9.366); the smallest number of effective alleles � CH01h10 (3.499). According to the diversity index, loci CH01f02 and CH02c11 were identified as having the highest allelic polymorphism. The grouping of the studied 48 apple varieties was performed based on the results of genotyping for the two most informative markers (CH01a02 and CH02c11) and cluster analysis. The highest average allele length (2480.40) is in the varieties included in the third cluster, then in the second cluster (1019.66), in the fourth cluster (819.65) and in the first cluster (603.28). 4 groups consisting of 7, 3, 22 and 16 varieties, respectively, were formed according to the average length of alleles. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the gene pool and further breeding studies.

Annotation

One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.