Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Viability of a phytopathogen extremely depends on conformity of the environmental conditions to requirements of this organism. Variability of weather conditions defines the variety of an ecological situation in which the alive organisms including pathogens live and develop. In this article it is presented the information about change of weather conditions in recent years (2010-2015) in the Rostov Region and about influence of these changes on development and spreading of phytopathogens in the grapes plantings. The research are carried out in the production plantings of the Experimental field of ARRIV&W on a natural background of development of fungal diseases, with participation of grapes varieties various on a susceptibility to diseases. Experimental research was carried out using the standard techniques in wine growing. The assessment of injuriousness and prevalence of harmful objects and their ranging were carried out using the method of A. I. Talash. The results of the phytomonitoring research demonstrate the change of injuriousness of the main phytopathogens depending on weather conditions. When comparing the long-term experimental data on defeat by diseases to indicators for 2010-2015, it is possible to state the reduction of contamination of grapes plants mycoses even in case of reduction of number of protective processings. At the same time the quantity of the reaped crop, and also his quality (sugar content and acidity of berries juice) have been at the level of average annual values. It is shown that the depressive development of phytopathogens during the majority of vegetation phases promotes the increase in a harvest of grapes and improvement of its quality due to the best maturing of berries, and also to reduction of number of processings on vineyards that allow you to reduce the pesticid load and to improve the ecology of an ampelocenosis.

Annotation

The results of the research on the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot in the vine plantations of different varieties under the conditions of the Lower Don are presented. It is noted that the white rot in the vineyards of the Rostov Region was not a common disease, so it was not studied enough. Since 2010, there has been a trend of increasing in the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot. In our opinion, the reasons for this were the accumulation of pathogen infection, climate change and the processes occurring in the biology of the pathogen, its high flexibility and adaptability to environmental conditions and the presence of susceptible varieties. Intense lose of berries is observed due to various damages: hailstorm, mechanical injuries, insects, diseases; sunburn and due to insufficient agronomic activities. In the case of optimal conditions for germination of the fungus spores the berries may be affected even through the intact tissue. Under the particularly favorable conditions for the pathogen the large crop losses up to 50 % or more may occur. We have found that the development of white rot in the agro-climatic zone of the Lower Pre Don is observed in the berries only, and the appearance of symptoms of the disease depends directly on the phase of development of the grapes � from the end of berry's growth to the start of its softening. The appearance of the first signs of berries� infection, depending on weather conditions of the year, was noted usually during the second or third decade of July � the most favorable conditions for the pathogen. In recent years, the harmfulness of white rot increases due to increase of insects that damage plants and due to increase in the quantity of insects in the vineyards of the Lower Don.

Annotation

The paper summarizes the results of studies on the effect of micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum on the biological and economic indicators of grapevine. Foliar dressing with micro-fertilizer of Kunlean grapevine variety plants was carried out in the following vegetative stages: before flowering; the next two top-dressings � 15 days after the previous one. Foliar dressing with micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum has shown its biological effectiveness, having a positive effect on the formation of berries in bunches, contributing to an increase in their mass and quantity. Significantly higher bunch weight, compared with the control, have been proven for variants with fertilizing rates of 0.6 kg/ha and 0.8 kg/ha, which resulted in a significant increase in plantation yield capacity up to 18 %. The positive effect of the agrochemical with water-soluble ferrum also affected the quality of the harvest. The mass concentration of sugars increased (22.4-22.8 g/100 cm3 ) in variants with different fertilizer application rates compared to the control variant. These indicators in plants of Kunlean variety were standard for varietal conditions. A close linear relationship between the micro-fertilizer consumption rate and the yield capacity value is demonstrated by the approximation of the obtained experimental data, which confirms that with an increase in the micro-fertilizer consumption rate, the yield also increases. The positive effect of micro-fertilizers with consumption rates of 0.6 and 0.8 kg/ha on the increase of sugar content in berry juice is confirmed by a close polynomial relationship between these values. The use of micro-fertilizers did not have a significant role in the acidity of berry juice. The recommended rate of application of micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum to obtain an increase in yield with improved quality properties is 0.6 kg/ha.

Annotation

The article summarizes the results of scientific research conducted by the ARRIV&W � branch of FSBSI FRASC in 2021. The research was aimed at preserving and studying the genetic fund of grape plants, creating new varieties with high biological potential, managing the production process, developing technologies for the production of improved planting material, new systems for growing grapes, monitoring and protecting vine plantations from harmful organisms, studying the influence of various factors on growth, plant development and product quality. As a result of the research, new knowledge in the field of viticulture and winemaking was obtained, the mobilization and replenishment of the ampelographic collection with varieties of various ecological and geographical origins continued, valuable genotypes were identified for their use in practical breeding and introduction into production of autochthonous Don varieties. Breeding material was obtained: 3 donors, 32 sources of economically valuable traits; 14 seedlings, 14 promising forms of grapes were selected for the elite. 1 white technical grade was transferred to the State selection test, 1 patent was received. 2 grape varieties are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. Biotechnological techniques for managing morphogenesis at the stages of obtaining a healthy planting material for grapes in vitro culture have been developed. The ways of maintaining non-covering, semi-covering and covering vineyards have been improved, ensuring an increase in yield capacity, economic efficiency and a decrease in the labor intensity of the crop in the conditions of the south of Russia. The ecological, agrobiological, technological parameters of grapes and wine, which affect the quality of grape and wine products, are determined. A comparative study of the ecological parameters of zones and terroirs in the Rostov region was carried out. 3 zones and 7 terroirs identified.

Annotation

The results of studies on the intensity of downy mildew development in the conditions of the vineyards of the Don ampelographic collection in 2019-2021 are presented. The preservation of wintering forms of mildew was facilitated by the weather conditions of the dormant periods i n 2019-2021: the absence of low freezing temperatures and sufficient humidity (61-85 %). The air temperature in the autumn-winter periods during the years of research was significantly higher than the average long-term values (the sum of negative temperatures ranged from 119.4 �� to 274.3 ��). Under such conditions, the oospores of the pathogen, germinating at the beginning of the growing season, produce an inoculum for primary infection of plants. Phytomonitoring of the infestation of various varieties with downy mildew under epiphytotic conditions in 2021 made it possible to identify the most resistant varieties for their further use as donors of downy mildew resistance. During the growing seasons in 2019, 2020, the increased temperature, compared with the average annual values, and low humidity contributed to the depressive development of downy mildew. When the hydrothermal coefficient was from 0 to 0.5, the plants of 70-80 % of varieties had no signs of downy mildew. The intensity of disease development in other varieties did not exceed 2.5 points. In 2021, in all growing months, with the exception of July, there was a shortage of precipitation. Despite this, the increased air humidity in May-July with a hydrothermal coefficient of 0.8-1.2 contributed to the intensive development of downy mildew. As a result, 12 % of the varieties of the Don ampelographic collection showed the highest resistance to downy mildew (up to 2 points): Tavrosi; Pochatochnyy; Ol'khovskiy; Nakutvneuli; Kosorotovskiy; Grdzelmtevana. The intensity of the infestation from 2 to 3.5 points was found in 78 % of the varieties. The least resistance to downy mildew (more than 3.5 points) was manifested in 10 % of varieties: Sypunchernyy; Pukhlyakovskiy chernyy; Megrabuyr; Bessergenevskiy � 1; Belobulanyy.