Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The selection of highly effective rootstocks for new grape varieties is relevant in modern viticulture. The influence of different rootstocks Chasselas × Berlandieri 41B and Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 on the agrobiological indicators of the Livia grape variety in the Central agroecological viticulture zone (fourth subzone) of the Krasnodar region is shown. The planting scheme of bushes on irrigated vineyards in the field experiment is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 º�, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 º�. The annual total precipitation is 700-800 mm. Grapes of the Livia variety on the 41B rootstock significantly outperform the analogue on the SO4 rootstock. Plantations on rootstock 41B are distinguished by a larger mass of bunches, elegance, large size and organoleptic properties of berries, and grape yield capacity. Ripening on rootstock 41B started much earlier than on rootstock SO4. In the agro-ecological conditions of 2020, the difference was 13-17 days, in 2021 � 4-7 days. Mass ripening in 2020 was earlier by 7-20 days, in 2021 by 6-7 days. The average weight of a bunch on the 41B rootstock was 30% more than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 0.674 kg. In terms of grape yield from a bush, plantings on rootstock 41B exceeded the analogue by 1.5 times. The yield capacity of grapes on rootstock 41B was higher than on SO4 by an average of 1.5 times and amounted to 24.62 t/ha. The share of marketable grapes was 93% on rootstock 41B, on rootstock SO4 � 90%. The tasting score of grapes grown on rootstock 41B was on average 8.8 points, on SO4 � 8.1 points. The positive effect of rootstock 41B on the biological and economically valuable characteristics of grapes is the basis for the wide practical use of this rootstock for the Livia grape variety in the Central agro-ecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

The article considers the issue of the influence of abnormal agrometeorological conditions on the yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin in the Krasnodar region to create a mathematical model of minimum yield capacity. Paired correlation and multiple regression were used to assess the impact of abnormal agrometeorological conditions on the yield capacity. The yield capacity of grapes of early table varieties of interspecific origin was taken from different agroecological zones of the Krasnodar region for 1997-2020. Extreme agrometeorological indicators are calculated according to generally accepted methods. Using pair correlation, the most important extreme agrometeorological parameters were selected: the minimum air temperature of June-November of the previous year (r = 0.41), the total precipitation in May-July (r = 0.50) and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient for May-July (r = 0.52). The prognostic model of the minimum yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin included the minimum air temperature of June-November of the previous year and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient for May-July. The model was tested according to the observed yield capacity indicators obtained in the Central Agroecological Zone on two varieties of early ripening of interspecific origin � Gurman Kraynova and Viktor. The predicted average minimum yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin for agroecological zones and subzones of the Krasnodar region was determined using the developed yield capacity model. Agroecological subzones with high average minimum predicted yield capacity depending on abnormal weather conditions were identified � in the Black Sea zone, subzones BS1, BS2 and BS5 with yield capacity equal to or higher than 10 t/ha, in the Northern zone of subzones N1 and N3 with yield capacity above 9 t/ha, in the Western zone of subzone W1 with yield capacity above 9 t/ha, in the Central zone of the C1, C2 and C3 subzones with yield capacity above 8 t/ha. The lowest predicted productivity is shown by varieties in the subzones of the Central Agroecological Zone remote from the sea and in the Foothill zone. This technique for assessing the risks of cultivation is recommended to be used for any varieties of technical and table directions of use.

Annotation

In the article the terms and duration of the phases of vegetation of new table grape varieties in the weather conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Krasnodar region were established. The objects of the study were Vitis L. grape varieties: Agat Dubovskiy, Akello, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovskiy, Pestryi, Timoti, Livia (control). Rootstock is SO4. According to the method of Lazarevsky M.A., the beginning of budbreak, flowering, veraison and technological maturity of grape berries were noted. The relationship of weather conditions with the duration of vegetation phases was determined by the correlation coefficient. According to the international classification, groups of varieties have been identified according to their maturation dates: very early � Livia, early � Akello, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi, medium-early � Gamlet, Timoti, medium � Kishmish Dubovskiy, medium-late � Ispolin and Agat Dubovskiy. The coefficients of paired correlation of weather conditions and the duration of vegetation periods, which are significant according to the Student's criterion, have been established. The most significant is the dependence of the duration of vegetation periods on the sum of air temperatures above + 10 ºC � the greater the sum of temperatures, the longer the phase, except for the duration of vegetation of very early and early varieties (r = -0.68 � the average inverse relationship). An increase in the amount of precipitation in the phase of the beginning of veraison-technological maturity and during the growing season also contributes to the lengthening of periods (r = 0.68 ... 0.99). In the budbreak - flowering phase, on the contrary, accelerates (r = -0.82 ... -0.84). The maximum air temperature has a different effect depending on the phase: with an increase in temperature in the beginningof veraison-technological maturity phase, its duration increases (r = 0.43... 0.60), the length of the budbreak-flowering phase and, in general, the growing season decreases with an increase in maximum temperature (r = 0.83 ... 0.87). An increase in the average air temperature (r = 0.46... 0.91) and the minimum (r = 0.67... 0.95) reduces the duration of the budbreak-flowering phases, the beginning of veraison-technological maturity and the growing season.

Annotation

The table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the differentiated load of bushes with shoots and bunches on the agrobiological properties of grapes, to substantiate the variety-oriented technology for the Podarok Nesvetaya grape variety. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in covered culture with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.5×3.5 m. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The climate is moderate continental. The average annual air temperature for 1991-2020 is +12.7 ºC, the minimum drops to -27.7 ºC, the maximum rises to +40.7 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures above +10 ºC on average for 30 years is 3945 ºC. The total precipitation is 729 mm. A change in the bunch weight and the grape yield is observed under the changes of bush load with shoots and bunches changes in these conditions. The largest bunch weight, 548 g, is formed with a load of 57 shoots and 43 bunches per bush, the highest yield capacity, 25.88 t/ ha, with a load of 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush. The correlation between the bunch weight and the number of shoots is direct and average, r = 0.51, and the inverse and strong dependence on the number of bunches, r = -0.71. The dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is direct and moderate, r = 0.32, on the number of bunches � direct and strong, r = 0.90. To obtain stable and high yields of grapes of Podarok Nesvetaya variety on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 in the Central agroecological zone of irrigated viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the norm of loading of bushes with 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush is recommended. For obtaining large bunches � the norm of loading with shoots is 57 pcs./bush and bunches is 43 pcs./bush.

Annotation

The article presents the results of agrobiological and physiological-biochemical studies to ensure the stability of grape plantations in unstable weather conditions and anthropogenic intensification of production. Studies in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems revealed the most productive norm of loading of grape bushes with shoots for the technical varieties Kurchanskiy, Dmitriy, Vladimir, Granatovyi, Antaris and Alkor, on leached chernozems � for the table seedless variety Centennial Seedless. According to the results of electrophoretic separation of peroxidases in polyacrylamide gel and an increased content of ascorbic acid, increased frost resistance was established in the varieties Kristall, Vostorg, Krasnostop AZOS. The Vostorg and Zarif varieties proved to be more adaptive to the stresses of the summer period in terms of leaf hydration, bound water content, the ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids, the amount of proline and water-soluble sugars, membrane permeability. The role of physiologically active substances in increasing the adaptive potential of grape plants has been established. The treatment of Merlot vines with methyl jasmonate and epibrassinolide during deep dormancy period, as well as proline, salicylic acid and epibrassinolide during induced dormancy period had a positive effect on the condition of the vine: there was a decrease in electrolyte yield. Sustainable grape cultivation is achieved with the systemic use of the �Bioconcentrate-Z� effluent by the non-root method. Against the background of nonroot treatments of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties, a higher level of plant water supply, an increase in potassium content, green pigments, organic acids and grape yields were established. Physiologically active compounds and the preparation Turinbash have a positive effect in intensive own-root plantations of native and promising introduced grape varieties against the background of phylloxera infection in the southern part of Dagestan. The created yield forecasting method based on the NDVI of the grape plant and the actual data of multispectral images of the phenophases of flowering and growth allows to increase the accuracy of the calculated yield capacity to the actual one with a deviation from 0 to 0.8 kg per bush, the accuracy of the forecast increases by 2 times by the end of the growth phase and by the beginning of the maturation phase.