Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Podgornaya Marina
Articles in journal: (total 20)
An analytical review of information about the content of residual amounts of background pollutants in the individual components of the environment is presented. From date of entry into force of the technical regulations of the Customs Union the insecticides of organochlorine synthesis (HOS) we carried to the global xenobiotics. DDT-4,4 and HCCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) are considered the most toxic of them. The aim of our study was to conduct the monitoring of DDT and HCCH in the garden agricenosis of central and the Black Sea areas of horticulture of Krasnodar Territory. On the basic of analysis of experimental research the presence of residual amounts of HCCH and DDT in 100% of soil samples of an apple orchard is noted; their concentration ranged between 0,003-0,026 mg / kg, that is below the limit. The monitoring of dynamics of DDT and HCCH in the apple fruits showed that the remains of xenobiotics are fixed in 82-84% of the selected samples in the quantities not exceeding the hygienic regulations (0,021-0,003 mg / kg). Direct relationship of DDT and HCCH content in the soil and fruit of the garden orchards in the center and the Black Sea fruit zones of Krasnodar Region is not revealed. During study of HOS migration in the soil of apple orchard it is revealed that the most quantity of toxicants is in the 0-60 cm soil layer. Significant difference between quantitative indicators of xenobiotic's content in the soil layers of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm were not found. The remains of toxicants are fixed in amounts 20-100 times lower than the maximum permissible. The obtained data on the duration of the retaintion of HOS residues indicate that there is a tendency to reduce the level of contamination of these toxicants of soil and open water body.
In the article the specified data about the bioecological special features of the agent Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) of plum are presented. It is shown, that pathogen under the conditions of the prekuban zone of Krasnodar edge winters in the form of mycelium and conidium in the struck sections of shoots in the cracks and buds. It is established that the length of the incubative period of the fungus of Cl. carpophilum under the optimum conditions continues of 3-4 days, and in depending on temperature it varies in the limits of 3-9 days. In the vegetation of 2014 it is noted the epifitotiya of disease, due to the weather conditions favorable for the pathogen: warm winter; the optimal temperature of air in the period of vegetation; precipitation of anomalous amount of falling in May - June (2-3 standards); the increased relative humidity of air. Monitoring of developing of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. wed, show that the first summer generation of wrecker the most harmful and most numerous into the vegetation of 2014, the duration of the pupation period was on the average to 50 days (since the beginning of April to the end of May). The average number of imago from 36 to 50 individuals to the trap is noted. It is established that the fly of imago of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. had three expressed peaks 28.05; 29.07; 25.08, the break between the generations was from 5 to 10 days. Single individuals of phytophag were noted to the second decade period of September. As a result of conducted research the new knowledge (information resources) about the biological special features of Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. in the plum agrocenoses of Krasnodar Region is obtained. These knowledge will make possible you to select the optimal combination of chemical and microbiological preparations for their control.
The data of research that reveal the mechanisms of phytosanitary control of fruit agrocenosis are presented. Research are directed on the decision of problems of biosystem ecologization connected with revealing of stability degree of myco- pato- entomocenosis of fruit orchard and strawberry on exogenous fluctuation reaction (weather factors, entering of pesticides, degree of intensity of gardening technology etc.).
The character of pesticide contamination of garden agrocenosis in the central zone of Krasnodar territory is established as a result of monitoring study and the criterions for estimation of their toxic load level are revealed.
Regular phytosanitary monitoring of perennial plantations in the Western Ciscaucasian region reveals the significant functional and structural changes in the entomoxilophilic complexes under the influence of changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the widening of the species diversity of harmful xylobionts, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. Study of the species composition of xylobionts were carried out in agroecological stationary experiments and route observations of perennial fruit plantations in the areas of their industrial cultivation. For taking of biomaterial in a field study the well known methods were used. The main most informative method was examination of weak and drying trees, taking of biological samples of damaged wood parts of trees and their further laboratory research. The main reasons causing the changes in the formation of entomoxylophilic complexes of fruit agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Territory are discussed in the article. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the expansion of the species diversity of xylophagous vermins, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. As a result of study, the species composition, bioecological features and dynamics of the distribution of major xylophages have been refined. The regular monitoring, one time in decade, of the phytosanitary state of fruit crops in the region made possible note the following: a change in the species composition of the entomocenosis, an increase in the harmfulness of xylophilous vermins as a result of trees weakness of due to weather and climate factors (low winter air temperatures, recurrent frosts, "ice" rains, long drought, etc.) and anthropogenic stressors (uncontrolled application of chemical protection preparations). The analysis of the obtained allowed us to divide the entomoxylophilic complex of stone fruit agrocenoses on the groups, that damaging the perennial wood and the group that damaging the vegetative part of the plants.