Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Organic fungicides of systemic action are applied in the vineyards more than two decades to fight against fungal diseases, which led to the soil contamination of cultivated plantings. In the process of studying their degradation, the toxic compounds were found, which persist for a long time in the soil of agricultural land, and reduce the soil suppression indicators. The organic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, universal, kolosal, kolosal pro) are unificated by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stability in the soil of the cultivated grape plantings. This fact dictates the need to increase in the suppression of the soil, affecting the detoxification of toxic inclusions. The study of the influence of soil suppression enriched with biologi cal fertilizer from wine-making waste the tebuconazole detoxification is the goal of this work. Tebuconazole residues in the soil were determined according to generally accepted methods using a �Color 500M� gas chromatograph. It has been established that the treatments of vineyards against fungal diseases with fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group lead to soil contamination with tebuconazole. Long-term use in the vineyards of fungicides containing a tebuconazole, showed that by the period of the next treatment its concentration in the soil exceeds the permissible rate (up to 7.90 MAC). It was revealed that 2-fold introduction of biomaterial from wine-making waste into the soil of vineyards increases the properties of soil suppressiveness, activating the process of detoxifying tebuconazole from 7.9 to 3.3 MPC. The partial detoxication of tebuconazole has been established by the enrichment of the soil with natural compounds in the form of wastes from the grape industry. The need to use this kind of organic fertilizer as a detoxifying agents require further development of the modification of its functional composition and physical-biochemical properties.

Annotation

This article provides an analytical review of modern world literature sources aimed at the development of green schemes for protecting pears from the main pear pest, the Psylla pyri L. (Cacopsylla pyricola) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). On the basis of world experience, it has been established that in a warm climate, pear psylla can produce up to 5 generations per year. The timing of treatments with preparations against pear psylla is of great importance, since the recommended insecticides are effective only at certain stages of the pest. The preparations used in the control of the numbers of Psylla pyri L. in pear plantations in various countries of the world are presented. The effectiveness of Insegar, VDG (250 g/kg fenoxycarb), kaolin, erythritol and microbiological preparations based on Metarhizium brunneum (strain F52 containing 5.5 × 109 conidia ml-1 ) and Beauveria bassiana (titre not less than 2x109 CFU/g) against phytophage, as well as data of the application of introduced entomophages Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), the release of which led to a decrease in the numbers of Cacopsylla pyricola by 31-40 % is presented. The obtained data shows that the eggs laid by females treated in September with phenoxycarb had a high percentage of sterile ones. The applications of kaolin in February and March resulted in almost 100 % reduction in the number of pear psylla eggs. Weekly treatments with 20 % erythritol solution caused 80-85 % death of Psylla pyri. Treatment with a preparation based on Metarhizium brunneum reduced the number of psylla eggs and young nymphs (first and second instars), leading to 88% mortality of the phytophage. The obtained data shows that the application of all these control methods can significantly reduce the numbers of the pest Psylla pyri in pear cenoses.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew �Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly � Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla � Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on medium�sentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.

Annotation

The article substantiates the need to develop a technology to increase the resistance of fruit crops to harmful objects in the conditions of climate change. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the stability of fruit agrocenoses is given: changes in temperature regime and water availability, as well as increased chemical and technological pressure on agrocenoses have become the main factors in the increase in the harmfulness of phytophages; the main manifestations are expressed in the adaptation of phytophages to changes in abiotic factors, changes in the life cycle of dominant pests and a decrease in their sensitivity to insecticides, the appearance of more resistant strains of phytopathogens, changes in the species composition of harmful insects and ticks. Experimental data on the formation of the functional structure and types of response of phytophages to anthropogenic impacts in intensive apple plantations in changing weather conditions of the environment are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of permitted insecticides for the control of apple moth in the growing season of 2022 was carried out. A system of ecological and economic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of regulations for the effective use of biological and biorational agents of controlling harmful species in apple plantations is proposed, including the following indicators: background content of pesticides in trophic bonds, the number and species diversity of entomophages, the time of the last treatment (days before harvest), LD50 content, the level of realization of the productive potential of plantations, preservation of the biologically set yield of the current growing season, costs for the purchase of plant protection products, structural indicators-resource security and balance of production processes and the restoration of resource potential, the level of profitability sufficient for the implementation of current production activities.

Annotation

Pear psylla Psylla pyri L. it is one of the main pests of pears worldwide. Decisions on the timing of preventive treatments and the choice of plant protection products used are made on the basis of regular monitoring of the stages of phytophagan development and taking into account the specifics of the action of insecticides on a particular stage of pest development. The article analyzes the range of insecticides allowed on pear against pear psylla, which is represented by preparations from 8 chemical classes. To reduce the resistance of pear psylla to the used pesticides, it is necessary to expand the range of broad-spectrum insecticides against this phytophagan. In this study, insecticides with larvicidal action, such as Voliam Flexi, SC, Lirum, SC, Lufox, EC, were tested in laboratory conditions. The characteristics of the used pesticides are given and the mechanisms of their action are described.Samples of annual pear growth were selected in the Prikuban zone of the Zakuban horticulture subzone of the Krasnodar region, Ust-Labinsk district. As a result of the study, it was found that the following pesticides have the best biological efficacy against nymphs (first-third age) of pear psylla: Voliam Flexi, SC with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha and Lirum, SC 1.5 l/ha. On the seventh day, they showed a maximum biological efficacy of 100 %, which was at the level of the standard preparation Movento Energy, SC. In this experiment, Lufox, SC had low efficacy, due to the fact that the drug has a longer mechanism of action, it takes 10-12 days for a good effect. We recommend using the data obtained in the case of registration of tested preparations for the control of pear psylla.