Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Podgornaya Marina
Articles in journal: (total 20)
The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.
In the article results of researches the dynamics of residues of organophosphate insecticides used in the garden are presented. It is established that properties of low stability in the external environment and the rapid disintegration on treated sites have only contact organophosphate preparations, which do not penetrate inside the plant facilities (phuphanon, karbophos-500, kemiphos, etc.). System preparations (o.s. chlorpyrephos, zolon, dimetoat, etc.) differ considerably more resistant in the environment are exposed to strict regulation and are limited in practical application.
The results of studies on the effect of post-harvest handling biological products for storage of apples are presented. It is established that the use of antioxidants of guanidine in storage of apple fruits in coolers reduce losses and extends the qualitative state of the fruit.
At present, the influence of invasive species has increased significantly in the cenoses of fruit and ornamental plants. Harmful coccids (scale insects) easily invade with seedlings and cuttings of fruit and ornamental crops imported into our country. Once in a new region, they quickly master due to their high fertility and good protection from the effects of adverse external conditions. In recent decades, the rates of the invasion process have accelerated everywhere; over the previous 80 years, about 100 foreign species of herbivorous insects settled on the territory of the former USSR, a significant part of them are classified as harmful and quarantine species, of which 57 species have clear signs of harmfulness. Every year, new species of phytophages are identified, which lead to the death of host plants and destabilization of the phytosanitary situation in artificial and natural ecosystems. Therefore, at present, it is relevant to study the features of the invasive process of pests of fruit and ornamental crops in order to develop protective measures against new pests. Monitoring of perennial plantings of ornamental and fruit crops in the Kuban zone of the central subzone of Krasnodar region revealed damage by tortoise scales: Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis Guer) and Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comst). This region can become a potential habitat for the development and distribution of the above species of phytophages, since the territory has the presence of suitable climatic and ecological conditions under which these pests can settle and develop. When assessing the potential for invasiveness of new species of coccids, in connection with their adaptation in the Krasnodar region, the facts of stepwise adaptation in different types of cenoses should be considered. Solving the problem of preventing biological invasions is one of the most important tasks of these studies, and in this regard, the development of a set of preventive measures is relevant.
The article presents the results of field experiments to determine the biological effectiveness of the disorientation method with the help of "BREEZ" dispensers in comparison with the traditional apple-tree protection system from the apple moth. The method is the disorientation of the males of the codling moth by creating an excessive concentration of female pheromones. The male can not find the female and fertilize it, as a result, the caterpillar from eggs does not degenerate, and damage of the fruit does not occur. Pheromones from the dispenser are released gradually, in the period from April to September (120-150 days), depending on the intensity of the wind and temperature. The dispenser effectively reduces and keeps the number of codling moth in all generations during the season. The experiments were carried out on 16 plots in 13 largest fruit farms of various horticultural zones of the Krasnodar Territory. At 7 sites pheromones of BREEZE were hung, but treatment with insecticides was carried out in full, but at 9 plots the insecticide treatments for codling moth were canceled. Dispersers were hung in the phenophase "flowering beginning" at the rate of 20 m2 one disperser. In total, 500 pieces / ha are hanged, evenly over the entire protected area to a height of 2/3 of the tree from the surface of the earth. Throughout the growing season, the observation the biology of phytophagous development were made. It is established that the inclusion of BREEZE pheromones in apple protection systems allowed to control the phytophagus by 99.2-99.7 %, while reducing the pesticide load and the cost of purchasing insecticides by 25-67 %.