Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The main results of scientific research of the KRISPAP � branch of FSBSI NCFSCHVW, obtained in 2022 by scientists of the Institute in the implementation of the State Task in 4 scientific areas within the framework of the implementation of 2 complex topics, as well as data reflecting publication effectiveness and patent-licensing activity are presented. Research work was carried out in accordance with the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) in the direction of: 4.4.1 Storage and processing of agricultural products. Ensuring the priorities of the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030) provides for the need to conduct scientific research, the purpose of which is to identify patterns and mechanisms of the controlled transformation of pressed beet pulp, phospholipid concentrates � liquid lecithins and tomato pomace using physical, physical and chemical and biotechnological methods aimed at regulating the properties, formation of the quality and safety of complexes of food pectin-containing fibers, phospholipids and carotenoids, and based on the identified patterns, the development of resource-saving technologies for their production, as well as scientific research aimed at identifying the patterns of development and interaction of producer strains biological preparations and pathogenic microorganisms (bacterial and fungal nature) that reduce losses from microbiological spoilage of zucchini, eggplant, garden carrot, white cabbage and leafy vegetables for development of resource-saving storage technologies based on the identified patterns. The results of scientific research were published in peer-reviewed journals � 31 scientific articles, including 8 articles in journals included in the core of the RSCI, 16 articles in journals included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 5 articles in journals indexed in international information and analytical citation systems Web of Science and Scopus. 8 articles have been published in the materials and collections of International Scientific and Practical Conferences. 1 instructional medium and 2 recommended practice also published. Based on the results of scientific research, 4 patents of the Russian Federation for inventions and 3 certificates of registration of computer programs were received, as well as 5 applications for alleged inventions were submitted to FIIP.

Annotation

The main task of agricultural production, in particular crop production, is to meet the needs of the population for fresh fruits and vegetables of high quality. The successful solution of this problem largely determines the standard of human life and health, which is currently of great importance. However, worldwide consumption of crop production per capita is 20-50 % lower than the minimum recommended levels despite its nutritional and functional value. The main reason for insufficient consumption is quantitative and qualitative losses in the system of production, storage and sale. According to FAO, losses of crop Production from the total food losses are up to 45 %. In this regard, along with increase in the production of agricultural products, there is a question of improving their quality � it is necessary to improve not only the production, but also the storage of major types of agricultural raw materials. In this connection, it is strategically important to ensure the safety of crop products during storage and sale, which is reflected in the �Concept of state policy in the field of healthy nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation�, which provides for comprehensive research in improving storage and processing technologies for fruits and vegetables. On this basis, the purpose of this work is to review the available scientific and technical information on existing methods of storage of fruit and vegetable products. As a result of the analysis of scientific and technical information, we can conclude that promising directions for improving the technology of storage of agricultural products are the use of regulated gas environments, bioactive packaging and coatings, which helps to extend the shelf life with minimal losses. The proven effectiveness of the described methods of extending the shelf life of crop products suggests the relevance of developing new storage technologies using a complex of biotechnological and physical methods.

Annotation

The study and generalization of world experience in research on the development of technologies to reduce losses, stabilize the quality and maximize the preservation of biologically active substances of crop products during storage, made it possible to conclude that research on the methodology for the application of electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequencies (EMF ELF) is relevant. to control the development of pathogenic microflora, leading to the development of diseases and, as a consequence, the loss of crop production. During the study, the composition of the microflora of strawberries was studied, it was found that the amount of mesophilic aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms (MAaOAM) on the berries of the strawberry variety �Marmalade�, the harvest of 2019, ranged from 5000 CFU/g to 12000 CFU/g. MAaOAM are mainly represented by spore microorganisms, enterobacteria and yeast. The number of molds is from 110 CFU/g to 1400 CFU/g. The influence of EMF treatment by electromagnetic fields on the pathogens of strawberry fungal nature was investigated. In the samples treated with EMF ELF, in comparison with the control sample, the number of microorganisms after 14 days of storage was lower. The regularities of the influence of the EMF ELF processing parameters on the development of pathogenic microorganisms of strawberries in experiments and in vivo were revealed. It was established that the processing of strawberries of the variety �Marmelada� using ELF EMF with parameters: frequency � 30 Hz, current strength � 10. A, processing time � 30 minutes has the maximum inhibitory effect on the development of phytopathogenic microorganisms Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus nigricans.

Annotation

The problem of storing fruits and vegetables and preserving their sensory and nutritional qualities is actual nowadays. It is extremely important to find such a technology for preserving fresh fruits and vegetables and with the use of which all the components of their chemical composition remain at a high level for the longest time in terms of their content and do not undergo significant changes, biological activity and safety. To ensure stabilization of commercial quality, maximum preservation of biologically active substances and reduction of losses during storage of berry raw materials, various technologies are used � such as controlled gas environment, treatment with chemical reagents, microbiological preparations, the use of various physical factors. A comparative analysis of the growth dynamics of the populations of the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer was carried out depending on the parameters of their treatment with ELF EMF. The regularities of the influence of the ELF EMF processing parameters on the development of pathogenic microorganisms of strawberries in experiments and in vitro were revealed. It was established that in the experimental sample Botrytis cinerea treated with ELF EMF with parameters of 30 Hz, 10 A, 30 minutes, the number of colonies grown after 7 days was 1.8 × 102 CFU, which is 27.5% lower compared to the references. In the experimental sample of Rhizopus stolonifer treated with ELF EMF with parameters of 30 Hz, 10 A, 30 minutes, the number of colonies grown after 7 days was 2 × 102 CFU, which is 26.2% lower compared to the references. An analysis of the data obtained in vitro experiments allows us to conclude that the variant of processing ELF EMF with parameters of 30 Hz, 10 A, 30 minutes most effectively affects the inhibition of the growth rate of the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, which cause diseases of strawberry berries.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of post-harvest handling biopreparations for storage of apples. Apples are the main fruit crop grown and consumed in Russia. In 2019, farms of all categories collected a record apple crop about 1.7 million tons. The leader in the collection of apples is the Krasnodar territory it accounts for more than 30% of the total harvest. However, about a third of the harvested apples are lost during long-term storage in fruit storages, another quarter are losses after removing apples from long-term storage and their short-term storage in retail conditions. Based on the studies, a technology has been developed for preparing for short-term storage in artificial cooling conditions at retail outlets and public catering enterprises. Technological conditions for preparing apples for short-term storage under conditions in artificial cooling are established. The basis of the developed technology is a method for preparing apples removed from long-term storage (4-6 months), which are treated with working solutions of biopreparations before laying for short-term storage. Are established technological modes and a technological scheme for preparing apples for short-term storage under conditions of freezing is developed. The economic effect of the implementation of the developed technology was calculated, which when storing one ton of apples amounted to 3.5 thousand rubles. the Economic effect was achieved y reducing the amount of losses of apples processed using the developed technology by an average of 10.75 thousand rubles per ton. The application of the developed technology will reduce the loss of apples during storage, reduce the volume of imports, as well as provide consumers with high-quality products, reduce financial and material costs.