Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Breeding and production of planting material
The article presents an analysis of the state of the nation nursery as a whole, notes the main problems and presents the possible ways to solve them. The deficit of own basic virus-free mother plantation and nurseries is one of the main reasons blocking the intensive development of horticulture in the Krasnodar Region. The transfer of nursery to the production of a healthy virus-free planting material is a priority to day. The scheme of plants healthy creating in-cludes several stages: phytosanitary and pomological monitoring, isolation of the initial plants; testing and retesting for the virus carrier; plant improvement car-ried out by a meristem manner under in vitro conditions; laying and maintenance of mother plant nursery of healthy plants; reproduction of a healthy planting material. The improving process is the most expensive stage in the planting material production scheme, which is subsidized in the developed countries by the State, and it in the end affects the cost of the seedling. In the our State we don't have such support, therefore there is an unequal competition with the foreign producers. In addition, there is no system of accreditation (certification) of nursery farms capable to produce the high-quality certified planting material in the Russia, and the planting material from small private nurseries is not of high quality. The absence of nurseries quarantine affects the phytosanitary condition of the seedlings, and an infected plant material enters in the country. Among the most dangerous diseases, it is noted the increase in the spreading of bacterial burn (Erwynia amilovora), of bacterial necrosis (or stem cancer Pseudomonas syringae), root cancers (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), plum pox (Plum pox potyvirus), strawberry anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ), etc. There is a problem of import dependence on ensure of specialized technology for nursery farming. The conclusion is: only the elimination of existing problems can bring the nursery closer to world standards.
Biotechnological methods are used widely in the world for prolonged conservation of plants collections for further their use in the breeding and production of virus-free planting material and for conservation of gene pool and biodiversity of plants. One of the methodological approaches to the deposition of the plants is the maintenance of biological objects under the conditions of slow metabolism. It is known that in a nutrient medium, for the growth and preservation of plant material in vitro, the various organic substances having a high osmotic activity are added. The researchers note that increased concentration of sucrose (4-5%) in the nutrient medium inhibited the growth of cells without causing tox-ic effects, and therefore can be used to maintain cultures in a state of rest over a long period of time. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of sucrose concentrations the growth processes of grapes mericlones for prolonged storage of plants in the collection in vitro. When cultivated in vitro, we used the sucrose concentration from 10 to 90 g/l, and evaluated the reaction of different grapes varieties to higher concentrations. In our experiment we carried out the cultivation without replanting of 12 grapes varieties for 9 months at a sucrose concentration of 70 g/l while the plants were viable. It was proved that by reducing of sucrose content in the nutrient medium from 70,0 g/l to 60.0 g/l the duration of deposit of different grapes varieties elongated to 1 year. By carried out research we have been found the deceleration of growth processes and the possibility of elongation of cultivation without replanting to create a collection of grapes in vitro.
The article presents the ways to solve the problems arising during the acclimatization of test tubes plants to non-sterile environmental conditions when creating the collections of healthy grapes in the open field. The main often problems in adapting to non-sterile conditions are the low survival rate of plants and their slow development in the initial period. These aspects can slow down the creation of healthy collections of varieties and promising hybrid forms of grapes in the open field. In order to improve survival and stimulate the development of post vitro grape plants, the effectiveness of the use of new generation of preparation was studied. A positive aftereffect of a new generation of Melafen preparation, added to the culture medium during in vitro culture, is shown for subsequent adaptation to non-sterile conditions. It was found that the use of Melafen in the initial stage of adaptation (30 days), contributes to the improvement of plant survival rates and development. In the future (after 60 days), the weakened aftereffect of the drug and leveling of development indica-tors are noted. The results of the study of the new generation of Siliplan and Lignohumate Potassium preparations for increasing in the adaptability of the in vitro of sanated aboriginal Don grape varieties when their planting them in non-sterile environmental conditions are presented. The best variant of the experiment was a variant with the use of potassium Lignohumate. At the same time, there was a clear tendency to improve the survival and development of the root system in all studied varieties. The positive effect of Siliplan-U using was at the control level. The research is supported by the program for the development of bioresource collections of FAO ( 0705-2017-0016).
In this paper the results of work on studying and improvement of cultivation technology of landing material of plum and other stone fruit crops, free from bacterial crown gall are presented. The relevance of research is defined by great economic value of bacterial crown gall in the process of stone fruit crops cultivation. rown gall is the bacterial root disease of fruit and berry plants which is appeared in the form of tumors formation on roots and at root neck. Now the active expansion of the decease area is observed. Crown gall causes the greatest damage in the nurseries and at cultivation of trees in the young garden. On the basis of these own research and the analysis of references the system of measures including several stages is developed: the choice and preparation of the plot with carrying out of the bacteriological analysis and agrochemical inspection of the plot's soil, the preparation and sanitation of landing material, the laying of mother plantation, for its the works maintenance, the laying of fields for reproduction, the quarantine. During vegetation it is necessary to carry out monthly expeditious monitoring of phytosanitary condition of uterine plants and annual diagnostics of plants and soils regarding settling of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The period of operation of uterine plantings, free from root cancer not more than 12 years. These methodical approaches are for industrial technologies of nurseries improvement from bacterial cancer of roots, and they establish the general rules to the choice and preparation of the plot for laying of nursery, the ways and methods of maintenance of soils in the nursery, according to requirements to the grown-up landing and uterine material. These rules are intended for specialists of the specialized enterprises, which are engaged in reproduction of landing material for stone fruit crops.
The work is based on the results of own research and analysis of information and literature data. It is found out that a predominant place among cultivated in Russia at present planting fruit crops takes apple (76 %). Among other crops the plum is leading 60 % in its segment. Quality of cultivated material is different: from low level to world standards. The high level of competition with our own producers and imported plant material enhances the high quality of the produced seedlings. The article reflects the basic domestic nursery problems, their causes and possible solutions. This also applies to imported seedlings: assortment of imported varieties of fruit crops, varieties adaptability problems to our climate, demand for seedlings and fruits on the domestic market, phytosanitary status of seedlings. Solving of problems requires not only the active state support in the area of subsidies of planting production, adjustment of approaches to sapling import, trust to domestic nurserysts, but also a competent production control processes, including through the certification of propagation material. Domestic producers (garden farms) realized the need to establish the gardens by sapling of higher quality classes. But now they're not ready to acquire in the domestic nurseries the virus free planting material on its market value. To solve the identified problems in the NCFSCHVW the Breeding-Nurseryng Center for the production of planting material of fruit crops of higher quality classes was created on the base of Experimental industrial farming. Putting into operation of all facilities of Breeding-Nurseryng Center will allow to ensure by virus free saplings the Southern Russia horticulture.