Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article considers the issue of loading bushes of seedless grape varieties with shoots and bunches in the world practice. The analysis is presented on the timing and length of pruning shoots, the load of bush by shoots, the load of bushes by bunches and methods for regulating the compactness of bunches of seedless grape varieties. The timing of pruning regulates the growth strength of shoots and the maturation time of early seedless grape varieties. Experiments on the timing of pruning often combined with subsequent treatment with growth regulators to increase yields. The length of the pruning of shoots affects the condition and death of the buds, the timing of the passage of phenological phases, productivity and quality of seedless varieties. Variety specificity and pruning dependence are noted: some varieties prefer short pruning (Perlett in India, White Seedless and Red Seedless in Iran), some � long (Beauty Seedless in India, Kishmish Batir in Uzbekistan, etc.). With an increase in the number of shoots per bush, yield capacity increase, however, the quality of grapes decreases, which also happens when the load of bunches increases. For the Jumba Seedless variety, despite the high performance with a low load of bushes with bunches, a higher one is recommended for an optimal ratio of productivity and quality. Thinning of bunches is also a common technique for regulating yield and quality, however, it is necessary to take into account the timing of thinning � too early removal of part of the inflorescences can lead to the formation of an excessively loose bunch, as in the BRS Vitoria variety in Brazil. Studies of the load of bushes of seedless grape varieties with shoots and bunches are relevant, especially in view of modern climate changes and increasing demand for high-quality products. Such studies are few in number in Russia, which requires closer study for the development of table seedless viticulture.

Annotation

The results of 2023 research on the development of methods for managing the stability of fruit agrocenoses with rational land use are presented. The objects of research are orchard agrobiocenoses under various cultivation conditions. The work used methodological approaches and original techniques developed by the research team. Methods and elements of technologies for increasing the resistance of fruit agrocenoses to a complex of factors with biologized approaches for controlling the development of pathogens and pests, rational formation of the crowns of fruit crops of domestic varieties against the background of the application of biostimulants, techniques for rationing high-quality fruit yield, optimized approaches for optimizing plant nutrition and reproducing soil fertility in biocenotic and molecular levels were developed. The obtained results of scientific research of a fundamental and applied nature are associated with the identification of patterns and disclosure of mechanisms for the formation of the productivity of fruit crops in changing cultivation conditions and create a methodological basis for the development of new elements of technologies for managing the productivity of orchard cenoses, systems for monitoring the resource potential of soils to provide the population with quality products while preserving the environment. New knowledge about the patterns of influence of rootstock genotype on the realization of the production potential of various scion-rootstock combinations of the genus Malus Mill. under conditions of different planting densities, will allow, through the use of the most productive scion-rootstock combinations, to significantly increase the productivity of plantings, make the most efficient use of the garden area, and significantly accelerate the onset of marketable fruiting. New knowledge about the patterns of influence of certain limiting parameters of the soil cover on the condition and productivity of scion-rootstock combinations of fruit crops will be used to develop optimal parameters for assessing the horticultural suitability of soils. The identified features of frost resistance of various pear varieties in terms of the degree of stability of their flower buds under changing weather conditions in different phases of the winter-spring period are the basis for optimizing the placement of pear crops in the North Caucasus zone.