Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Under stressful conditions, in order to obtain the stable harvests of high-quality fruits, it is important to have a balanced supply of mineral elements to the organs of fruit plants facilitated to the timely going throw phenological phases, intensification of photosynthetic activity, and resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. In connection with this, the purpose of our study was to found the effectiveness of the system of foliar top dressing with domestic complex mineral fertilizers on a weakly growing apple-tree to activate the adaptive mechanisms of plants and for the formation of high-quality fruits. An effective rational system of leaf feeding of weak growing apple-tree with the use of domestic complex mineral fertilizers against the background of the negative impact of abiotic stresses during the growth and formation of fruits was tested. It was found that leaf feeding contributed to the optimization of the food regime of apple-tree, increase in the leaves content of the combine form of water and protein, causing the increased resistance of plants to overheating and dehydration. A statistically significant positive correlation between the protein content in the apple leaves and the content of phosphorus (r = 0.58) and potassium (r = 0.66) was found. The content of chlorophyll and carotene was depended on the content of nitrogen (r = 0.7 and r = 0.6, respectively). A statistically significant relationship between the content of sugars and potassium (r = 0.89) was determined. Activation of physiological processes due to the balanced intake of nutrients in the organs of apple plants contributes to the increase in plant`s adaptability to heat and drought, stabilization of production processes. The increase in yield due to the use of foliar top dressing with complex fertilizers is averaged of 8.3 t/ha.

Annotation

The aim of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of the Riesling Rhine grape variety on the basis of the evaluation of growth processes activity, the laying of generative organs in the central buds of wintering grape buds, the ways of placing and keeping the bushes. It is necessary to study the biological properties of a grape plant, since without this knowledge, it is difficult to purposefully influence the functional activity of plants to obtain a crop of the required quality. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the field experiment on the basis of AZESViW (Anapa city). Objects of research: the technical middle growing of Riesling Rhine grape variety, and regulations for bushes keeping. The field stationar methods and laboratory methods were used. The article presents the results of revealing the agrobiological features of the studied grape variety under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia on the basis of studying the intensity of growth processes, the formation of generative organs and ways of locating and maintaining bushes in the vine plantations. As a result of research carried out the patterns of change in growth processes, the productivity of the Riesling Rhine and the quality of products under the influence of different methods of grape plants planting are revealed. More active growth and high leaf cover of shoots were observed in plantations with three-meter rows. It is shown that the productive zone of shoots is in the range of 2-5 internodes irrespective of the planting scheme. This biological feature of the variety should be taken into account when the selection of the method of bushes pruning. The quality of the experienced wine materials was quite high (tasting score from 7.8 to 8.0 points). The samples with the scheme of bushes planting of 3,5�2,0; 3,0�1,5 and 3,0�1,0 m were the best.

Annotation

The grapes is a relatively drought-resistant plant, but in the very dry years it gives low yields of low sugar content and high content of acids in the berries juice, the vine is ripening poorly, the plants are mostly damaged by frost. Obtaining the high and stable yields of high quality, the increasing in the life of the vineyards is impossible without the use of irrigation. Against the background of global warming and a shortage of fresh water, there is a need for research in optimizing the water regime of orchards. Therefore, the study of the effect the irrigation on grape plants, the development of rational methods for irrigating vineyards, and regulating their water regime to obtain the high and high-quality yields is an urgent task. The purpose of these studies was to substantiate the use of drip irrigation in the vineyards of the Crimea. The study was carried out for more than 30 years on the experimental base of the Institute �Magarach� under the conditions of vegetative and lysimetric experiments and in the industrial vineyards of the Crimea. The vegetative, lysimetric, agrobiological, analytical and statistical research methods were used. The impact of weather and irrigation regimes and methods on grape plant condition and vine harvest parameters in conditions of Crimea was analyzed. Data analysis on annual precipitation showed that almost every second year is arid on the South coast of Crimea. Temperature data analysis showed an increase in the average monthly air temperatures as compared to multi-year average. Study demonstrated that drip irrigation helps to increase in productivity of grapes by 1,5-3 times and to improve the harvest quality. Drip irrigation helps to save from 20 to 80 % of water as compared to other irrigation methods.

Annotation

The introduction of digital technologies in agriculture is becoming relevant, as well as in other industry branches. Dig-ital technology is essential for gardeners to optimize productivity, increase in manageability of horticultural operations, and increase profitability. Currently, in Russia only 10 % of the land is cultivated using the digital technologies, the non-use of new technologies leads to a loss of up to 40 % of the crop. Considering the need to overcome the technological lag behind developed countries, it is assumed that the share of the digital technology market in agriculture will grow every year, and to 2026 the market of information and computer technologies in the industry should grow at least in five times. The Ministry of Agriculture intend to confirm the Digital Agriculture program at the government level for its inclusion in the Digital Economy program. All the achievements in the world in the field of digital technology, from robot-farmers to automated green-houses, may become the part of the future, when in 2050 almost 10 billion people will live on the planet, and therefore the world needs to increase food production to meet needs of the population, and perhaps just new digital technologies will help to achieve this goal. The use of robot technics in the production of fruit crops will lead to the possibility of planting more intensive gardens with a compacted scheme and the corresponding formation of tree crowns for the convenience of managing the processes in the garden, which will ensure high yield. The article presents a brief analysis of literary sources on modern digital technologies and examines the recent global developments in the field of precision gardening and the advantages of their implementation.

Annotation

Changes in climatic conditions have the greatest influence on such type of activity as agriculture in general, and viticulture in particular. Harmonization of environmental factors, biological features of a plant and agrotechnology in ampelocenosis is the main condition for efficient grape production. In this regard, the study of the influence of the planting scheme and the shoots load of the bush on the productivity of grapes and the quality of wine is a relevant area of research. The purpose of our work is to establish the optimal planting scheme and the schoots load of the Riesling grape bush, the identifying the dependence of productivity, quality indicators of grapes and wine on the applied agricultural technology in the context of local climate change. It was found that under stress conditions in 2018, the plantations with three-meter spacing had the highest economic productivity, and sparse and compacted plantations � the smallest. Under the influence of weather anomalies, a significant decrease in the average mass of the bunch and a decrease in the grape yield in the variants with a row spacing of 2.5 and 3.5 meters were observed. The most favorable for obtaining the high-quality products was 2017. In comparison with 2016, the difference in tasting evaluation ranged from 0.1 (with a scheme of 3.0 × 2.0 m) to 0.7 (with a landing scheme of 2.5 × 1.5 m). The most stable in quality Were the samples from grapes with three-meter spacing (7.8-8.0 points). The most stable quality of wine materials was observed from a grapes at vine planting scheme of 3.0 × 1.0 � the range of fluctuations with an increase in bush load from 40 to 70 thousand pcs / ha was 0.1 points with a maximum value of 8.0 with a load of 50 thousand pcs / ha.