Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The main rootstocks of sweet cherry under conditions of Stavropol Region are seedlings of Antipka. The lacks of this stock are the intense growth and the late introduction in the fructification (for 5-7 year). At the Crymsk Experimental Breeding Station the VSL-2 rootstock is removed which is recommended for middle and southern areas of fruit growing of Russia. This rootstock provides a low growing of trees and the introduction of sweet cherry in fructification for 2-3 year after landing. The work purpose is to estimate the efficiency of use of VSL-2 rootstock for sweet cherry varieties at different methods of grafting under agriecological conditions of Stavropol Region. The work is carrying out by use of programs and techniques of varieties studying of fruit, berry and nut cultures. According to researches of 2008-2013, the Donetsk Ugoliyk sweet cherry on VSL rootstock was allocated on productivity (to 31 kg / from one tree) and on the weight of fruits (9 g). On the ninth year of vegetation the productivity of Donetsk Ugoliyk variety at an early-spring inoculation by 10-15 cm shoot exceeded control (productivity of 6,1 kg / from one tree that is on 9% higher than control). By data for 2005-2009, a tendency to low growing of Donetsk Ugoliyk variety is noted at a summer inoculation on the height of 45 cm. The tendency to intensive growing is noted in control and at an early-spring grafting by shoots of 50-55 cm long. On size of realization profit the Donetsk Ugoliyk and Yaroslavna were allocated from studied varieties of sweet cherry.
The work purpose is the development of ways of irrigation and care of garden row-spaces that will provide the safety of fruit plantings in the area of insufficient moistening of Stavropol Region, their high efficiency and quality of fruits, the economy of energy expenditure and technological effectiveness, the increase of soil fertility and its biological activity. The objects of researches are the Liberti apple-tree plantings of autumn and winter terms of maturing on of M 4 rootstock, at the scheme of placement of trees is 52,5 m. The garden became to bear fruits in 2005 (12,3 t/hectare of harvest). Work is carried out using "The program and a technique of varieties study of fruit, berry and nut cultures". The various ways of a drop irrigation are compared. The analysis of influence of these ways on growth and formation of root system of an apple-tree shows the more powerful (by 2,8 times) development of roots in the matter an intra soil drop irrigation. It allows plants to use the moisture and the nutrients in the bigger soil volume. The potential opportunities of apple-trees to resist the adverse weather factors are increasing. The plants are forming a bigger harvest. In 2013 (3-5 years of vegetation) in the plantings more than 6 thousand tons of fruits 8-50 t/hectare are received in dependence on trees age and variety-rootstock combination. It is established in experiment that the combined drop irrigation is the most economically favorable as it provides an increase of harvest at the corresponding care of a garden, that is paying back all expenses for the device of a drop irrigation in the first or second year of garden fructification. On the basis of results of the conducted research the recommendations to industry are developed and the sequence of measures in the apple-tree plantings is defined.
The selection of rootstock for sweet cherry is based on his adaptation to specific soil and climatic and technological conditions of culture. The recommended clonal and seed rootstocks at cultivation of gardens on soils of the Central Caucasus do not fully allow to realize the potential of this culture. Sweet cherry trees must have a strong, deeply penetrating, frost-resistant root system and high stable trunk to winter. The rootstocks from Antipka seedlings the most corresponds to requirements, the roots of Antipka quickly assimilate the large volumes of the soil. The big advantage of Antipka is quite high winter hardiness. Antipka is not only tolerates to low temperatures, but also promotes the increase in winter hardiness of a scion. The purpose of these research was to reveal the influence of grafting height on biological and economic properties of grafted plants of sweet cherry in a garden. The modern methods of field and laboratory research were used in a work. It is established that the increase in grafting height of sweet cherry varieties on Antipka seedlings from 3-5 to 40-60 cm considerably changes their biological and economic properties. This processing method promotes the reduction of trees height by 19 % and the volume of grown by 50 %. The early maturing of trees, their productivity and frost resistance of trunks are increased. Improvement of fruit quality of sweet cherry is noted. It is shown that the total crop of Golubushka sweet cherry trees landing at the scheme of 53 m with variety's grafting at the height of 40-60 cm is 35,2 c/hectare more, than in control variant. It is noted the significant increase in productivity and quality of fruit harvesting on relatively low growing sweet cherry trees grafted on Antipka's trunks. Labor costs for cultivation and harvesting decrease by 35-62%.
The purpose of the research was to obtain a preparative form of extractive cell culture "in vitro" of ginseng in the laboratory conditions, as well as in the development of products based on ginseng extracts. In the article the results of own research are used and analytical review of domestic and foreign sources. The work is performed in the laboratory of biotechnology and the center of winemaking of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. The object of research and improvement of methods of production of ginseng has been in vitro culture. In the study the biomaterial of ginseng and extract of roots are used. The research techniques are generally accepted. In the article the useful properties of a ginseng and problems of its cultivation in garden culture are given. The actuality of receiving of its biomass in vitro is specified. The structure of a nutrient medium for cultivation of a ginseng's cellular culture is developed: the macro and microelements according to Murashige and Skoog, sucrose 30 mg/l, tiamin-chloride 1 mg/l, mesoinositol 80 mg/l, kinetin 1 mg/l, α- 2 mg/l, iron chelate 10 mg/l, an agar-agar 7 mg/l. The ginsengs biomass cultivation cycle is characterized. The flavouring-aromatic addition of "Zhenshenevaya" is made, its organoleptic and physical and chemical features are given. As one of the ginseng preparations, this addition inherits the characteristics of a ginseng. It possesses the toning property and positively influences on person's condition when a hypotonia, an exhaustion, a neurasthenia, the lowered potentiality. It is a fine adaptogen, which increases the organism resistance to diseases and stresses. On the basis of this addition the unique aerated and not aerated soft drinks, low alcohol and hard drinks as, vodka, balms, liquors are developed.
In the European part of the South of Russia the droughts and high air temperatures during the summer are the major stressful factors of environment of fruit crops cultivation. In the organic gardens the use of chemicals is excluded, therefore the specific methods of decrease in adverse effect of various stressors on plants have to be used. The purpose of our research is the selection of an optimumal way of the soil maintenance in the row-space of not irrigated organic apple-tree garden providing the optimization of growth and fruitage of plants under the conditions of moisture deficit and intensity of a thermal factor during the summer period. The zoned Florina apple-tree, immune to a scab, on MM106 rootstock is taken for study. It is studied the ways of soil maintenance in the row-space of an organic garden: black steam, turf alternate row, turf interrow. Indicators of growth and a water exchange of plants are determined using the standard methods. As a result of the carried out research the expediency of introduction in the not irrigated organic apple-tree gardens of the Kuban zone of natural growing herbs sowing alternate row is based. This way of garden soil maintenance provides the increase in resistance of apple-tree plants to abiotic stressors of summer period and the stabilization of generative activity of plants. When we use the system of soil maintenance "sowing of grass alternate row-space" the moderate growth of shoots is noted interfaced to moderate and rather stable fruitage at the level of 23-26 t/hectare. Average apple productivity in this option of experience is 28,0% higher, than in control, and 27,3% more, than in "sowing inter row-space" option. Thus the conditions of trees lighting are improved, the favorable combination of indicators of the water and temperature modes of the soil is created, the efficiency of photosynthetic activity of plants increases.