Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The purpose of this work is to study the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors the growth, development and formation of the photosynthetically active surface of grapes plants. The research was carried out in 2015 in a stationary field experiment in the EPF of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-Making, in the Riesling Rheinsky vineyard under the conditions of an abnormal man-ifestation of weather factors with an acute deficit of atmospheric precipitation. A differentiated effect of the planting scheme of bushes on the growth of grapes shoots and leaves was established in the process of research. The rate of vine development is closely depended on the genetically de-termined reaction of the variety to the anthropogenic and natural factors of cultivation. It is shown that the most influenced slowing down of the growth processes of the grapes plants are the densified ways for bushes placing with a row spacing of 2.5 m. The most active growth processes are observed in the orchards with a row spacing of 3.0 m. Under stressed plant growth conditions, the most active growth of shoots is noted at an average density of planting bushes of grapes 3.0 × 1.5 m. With compacted arrangement of bushes, 4000 pcs / ha according to the scheme 2.5 × 1.0 m, the growth activity of shoots is much lower. Crown of grapes bushes in such orchards are poorly lit, leaves receive less solar energy. It is noted that the growth rate of the leaf blade is similar to that of shoot growth. The largest leaves were at a density of bushes of 3.0 × 1.5 m. We made a conclusion that a differentiated approach when using different schemes of planting bushes in the grapes plantations allows to controll the growth processes of grapes plants.
In this article it has been established that the introduction in the vineyards soil of hydrogels with high degree of increase of volume in the conditions of the seaside plain of the Daghestan has had a positive effect on the grapes productivity. The most favorable conditions of water supply for Rkacitelli grapes were identified in a variant of hydrogel using at a dose of 40 kg/ha at a depth of 0,4 m. The application of hydrogel contributed to the increase in the average weight of bunches at 6,13% compared with the control, and it allowed to have 4-12 c/ha of additional products. It is shown, that the improvement of water supply of grapes plants in the case of hydrogel using has enhanced the efficiency of intro-duced nitrogen fertilizers. In a variant with fertilizers the increase in crop yield of grapes compared to control is 10 c/ha, and in the same option of hydrogel using additionally it was received the addition-al products of 15-27 c/ha. It is established that the improving of the conditions of vineyards cultivation through the agric and melliorative activities undertaken contributed to the increase in the mass sugar concentration in the berries juice by 6,15 g/dm3. It is shown that the relatively high prices of hydrogel caused the high costs to 74900 rub/ha for the grapes production in the first year of absorbent use and profit increase relative to control by 3850 rub/ha. However, in the second year the cost of hydrogel application in the vineyards soil were repaid in full and the additional income of 23700 rub/ha has been received in the hydrogel option, and 44625 rub/ha in the option of hydrogel + fertilizer. The profitability of grapes production when using hydrogel was 163,2 %.
Strawberry garden grows in the most regions of Russia, but it is demanded to a great extent of water regime and mineral nutrition. This crop are equally sensitive to both waterlogging and lack of moisture in the soil. The drought during the period of ovary growth and fruiting declines in particular the strawberry yield. Fertigation and drip irrigation are the elements of intensive technology of growing horticultural crops. The task of our research is to determine the contribution of genotype, environment factors and their interaction to the yield of strawberry at various ways of plants fertilizing and drip irrigation. The area of research is the Leninsky District of the Moscow Region. Varieties of strawberry garden are Honey, Rusich, Troitskaya, Dukat. The research show that these varieties are resistant to unfavorable conditions of the Non-chernozem zone and they have a high potential yield capacity. The use of fertigation with soil mulching by geotextile and preliminary application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers increase in influence harvest. The reliable influence the factors of the variety (genotype) and the conditions of the year in all variants of the experiment was established using two-factor analysis of variance. In addition, the factors interaction significantly affected the yield. Compared to the control, during the fertilization of strawberry plantations with a solution of mineral fertilizers he interaction of the factors did not significantly effected the yield, an increase in random factors was observed. Mulching of the soil with geotextile reduced the degree of influence the yield of environmental conditions and increased in the influence of the variety. Fertigation with a solution of higher concentration increased in the impact on strawberry yield of random factors.
Scientific-based application of clonal rootstocks is one of the main factors of increase in efficiency of gardening. The non-supporting construction of the intensive garden (without a stationary support) allows to reduce the costs of planting about 2 million rubles / ha. This significantly increases in the efficiency of fruit production and competitiveness of domestic products. The article presents the results of impact assessing of 15 rootstocks of different origin on the growth and yield capacity of Liberty apple trees in the garden, created by planting rootstocks in a permanent place, with followed grafting by buds. The carried out research has shown that in the fifteenth year of vegetation, the size of the Liberty tree stock on the 3, 4 and B-13-43 rootstocks was less than that on the M 9. The first fruit bearing was observed Only on the rootstock of 3 in third year, and for the other rootstocks from 4 years of vegetation. The most average harvest from 1 tree for 13 years of fruiting was obtained from Liberty trees on rootstocks M 26 and 2. Close to control M 9 was the harvest on rootstocks of II-31-7, B-9-19, -70-456. The most specific productivity on average over 13 years of fruiting compared to M 9 rootstock the K-1 and 4 provided, close to M 9 rootstock 2, 3, B-13-43. The best stability of the trees in the soil (anchorage) was on the semi-dwarf rootstocks of 2 and II-31-7, which according to the results of the integrated assessment can be recommended for compacted gardens without support construction.
The most accurate criterion for determining the length of pruning of grapes shoots is the productive zone of embryonic inflorescences. To more fully realization of potential of the economic grapes productivity, the pruning is carried out with the left of maximum number of embryonic inflorescences and the unproductive part of the shoots removed. In different grape varieties the productive zone is not the same and it varies along the length of the shoot. In addition to the biological dependence of the productive zone of plants shoots, the anthropogenic factors have a significant effect on the formation of embryonic inflorescences. Pruning while preserving the productive zone of grapes shoots contributes to the sustainable development of the viticulture industry. The purpose of the work is to establish the regularity of embryonic inflorescence formation and to optimize the length of pruning of Levokumskiy grapes shoots. Embryonic fruitage was determined during the period of deep (physiological) dormancy of plants by microscopic examination of the central wintering buds on typical grapes shoots. In the process of research it is found that the dependence between the fruitage and fertility rates of embryonic shoots in the central wintering buds of the Levokumskiy grapes varies on the average daily air temperature in September and November. The correlation coefficients range is from 0.36 to 0.77. You have shown the regularity of a differentiated inflorescence formation along the length of embryonic shoots. The coefficients of fruitage (K1) and the fertility (K2) of embryonic shoots of Levokumskiy grapes grow as the buds are removed from the beginning of the shoots. The maximum values of the coefficients are fixed in the zone of 5-6 buds. In this regard, to obtain the greatest harvest of the Levokumskiy grapes, it is recommended to prune the fruit shoots into 6 eyes.