Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article shows the results of the influence of gibberellin on the productivity of seedless grape varieties of the AZES breeding. The indicators of photosynthetic activity of leaves are considered: the content of pigments (chlorophyll a + b and carotene), the size of the leaf surface area and the accumulation of sugars in grape berries. Analysis of these studies showed an increase in the amount of chlorophylls during treatments with gibberellin of a grape plant, as well as an individual reaction depending on the dosage of the preparation and the grape variety. The obtained data indicate that the application of exogenous gibberellin leads to changes in the morphogenesis of grape plants. During the entire growing season, the plants treated with gibberellin showed more intensive growth than the plants of the control variant. An increase in the length of shoots due to the lengthening of internodes at increased doses of GA was revealed. At the same time, no effect on the number of stem nodes was noted; therefore, shoot elongation is associated with stretching of the stem cells. It was proved that under the action of the preparation the total area of grape leaves increased, leading to the formation of a more powerful leaf apparatus: at a dose of GA of 1 ml in the Lotos variety by 22.6 %; Zhemchug Anapy � by 28.8 %; Kishmish rozovyi AZOS � 16.9 % higher than the control indicator. It is known that the accumulation of sugars in grape berries is due to the photosynthetic activity of the leaf apparatus. As shown by laboratory and field analyzes, gibberellin affects the sugar content in grapes, accelerating the ripening and timing of the harvest. In the variety Lotos, Zhemchug Anapy with a dosage of 1 ml GA and Kishmish rozovyi AZOS with a GA 0.75 three times, the sugar content of berries exceeded the control variants.

Annotation

Osmia is an effective and prospective pollinator of Rosaceae family plants. This insect has a range of advantages, due to which it can be successfully bred on the industrial level. For the period of our multi-year research the certain experience of the breeding of Osmia has been accumulated. The main conditions of successful reproduction are the selection of the material and the size of the nesting channel. The paper presents the results of assessing the prospects for industrial breeding of a solitary bee Osmia rufa. Studies have shown that this species prefer to inhabit cane nesting channels (55 % of the population) with a diameter from 6 to 9 millimeters. The percentage of populating the channels of 6, 7, 8, 9 millimeters was 19.4%, 23.8 %, 18.2 % and 13.8 % respectively of all populated channels. According to the length of the channel, channels with a length of 100 to 200 mm were preferable, in which 64.8 % of all inhabited lengths were populated. The largest number of channels contained 3, 4, 5 cells � 14.6 %, 16.4 % and 14.4 % respectively. The studies of the content of the cells showed that 2671 cells with average length of 11,8 � 0,94 millimeters have been built in 494 channels. 1960 cells contained whole cocoons (73.4 %), which is the absolute majority of all built cells. Parasites (flies Cacoxenus indagator, mites Chaetodactylus �smi�, skin beetles Trichodes apiaries) were contained in 206 cells and their total harmfulness was 7.7 %, dead Osmial larvae and damaged cocoons was noted in 262 cells (9.8 % of all cells built).

Annotation

The problem of establishing optimal load criteria remains unresolved to date for successful practical application, since all proposed load calculation formulas have a narrow empirical value. Cases of unjustified mechanical copying of individual formations with the norm of load from some viticultural areas to others are not uncommon in practice, which often ends in failure. The applied methods of calculating the optimal load of bushes to a certain extent take into account the varietal characteristics of plantings (although very tentatively) and the strength of the vegetative development of bushes due to the conditions of culture. At the same time, it is impossible to take into account the interaction between the load of the bush and the specific conditions of vineyard vegetation, and, consequently, the possible change in the potential fruitfulness of shoots. Recently, high-yielding varieties of the new generation that are resistant to adverse environmental conditions have become widely used in the vineyards of our country. Varieties with a large percentage of fruiting shoots tend to be overloaded with yield, and therefore it is necessary to limit the growth of bush yield capacity in order to achieve the yield of the required quality. Viticulture specialist recommend doing this mainly by applying a load norm optimized taking into account the varietal specifics, which allows to obtain conditioned yields suitable for their directed use. Successful planning of the bush load with shoots, stimulates the development of a powerful annual growth with which the necessary yield may be achieved and the skeletal part of the bush may be maintained. In any area, the yield of a particular grape variety is successfully grown and ripens on bushes, the load of which provides optimal conditions for growth and photosynthetic activity of the leaf apparatus. Based on all of the above, it should be noted that the surest way to establish the optimal load of grape bushes, taking into account the potential capabilities of the variety in order to obtain stable high yields of the required quality, is experimental.

Annotation

The article presents the results of research on the effect of foliar fertilizing of the technical grape variety Rkatsiteli with the organomineral fertilizer "Renovation of the Protection brand" on the yield and its quality. The purpose of the research was to establish the optimal application rate of the drug per 1 hectare of vineyard. The research was carried out in OAO AF "Yuzhnaya" of Temryuksky district at the Chernomorets branch on a grafted, fruit-ing, stemmed vineyard, with the formation of a two-sided horizontal cordon. The scheme of the experiment included three application rates of the drug per 1 hectare of vineyard � 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha. Control variant was without processing. Foliar fertilizing was carried out three times � in the phase of isolation of inflorescences and 15 days after the second and third. The flow norm of the working fluid was 800 l/ha. Records and observations were carried out according to generally accepted methods in viticulture. It was revealed that at all application rates of the fertilizer, there was a significant increase in the mass of the bunch, an increase in the yield from the bush and the yield capacity of plantings. However, the greatest excess of indicators compared to the control occurred at the application rate of the drug 1 l/ha, where the mass of the bunch increased by 17.8 %, and the yield from the bush and yield capacity, respectively, by 22.8 and 23.0 %. The sugar content in berry juice increased by 0.9 g/100 cm3 in this variant. The influnce of the use of non�root Fertilizers on the concentrations of the main indicators of the quality of wine materials was determined � the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, mass concentrations of volatile and titrated acids, sulfur dioxide and the reduced extract, as well as pH. An increase in the reduced extract was found in all variants of the experiment. The application of foliar dressing did not fundamentally affect the concentration of organic acids. There was an increase in the tasting score by 0.2 points in the variant with the use of "Renovation of the Protection brand " in a concentration of 2.0 g/dm3

Annotation

The article presents experimental data confirming the production variability of table grape variety Viktor during biological manipulation with a living plant organism and its organs. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The planting scheme of bushes 3.8 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high- standard two-armed cordon, rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5�13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum air temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, air temperature in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. In such agroecological conditions, the Viktor grape variety has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the mass of the bunch and the yield of grapes, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest weight of a bunch is formed at an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and is 0.777 kg. The correlation dependence of the average weight of a bunch of grapes of the Victor variety on the number of shoots on the bushes is moderate, r = 0.3. The yield capacity of grapes, including commercial ones, tends to decrease with a decrease in the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. The highest yield capacity of grapes was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (26-30 pieces/bush) and bunches (17-20 pieces/bush) and amounted to 18.19 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the load of bushes with shoots and bunches is medium and strong, r = 0.68 and r = 0.71, respectively. The share of commercial grapes is high, on average 92 %. The largest share of the commercial grape yield, 96 %, was in the variants with an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and an average load of bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and amounted to 13.5 t/ha.