Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

This article shows the results of research work carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant project (agreement No. 19-416-230025) and the agreement on scientific cooperation between the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking � a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution �North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, and Winemaking� and the Federal State Budgetary Institution �Utrish State Nature Reserve�. As a result of research carried out, the wild grapes were found in the tracts of the Vodyanaya Shchel and Lobanova Shchel on the territory of the Utrish Nature Reserve, unique in its natural and historical conditions (the ancient human settlements) in the number of 16 populations, the vine of which is visually tolerant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. It is found also 5 populations of wild grapes along the banks of the Kuban river, similar in appearance to cultural grapes. Morphological and biological study of the vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants founded and genetic analysis of the apical part of young shoots was carried out to identify and establish the origin of the studied forms. A detailed description of their ecological growing conditions is made. The samples were taken from wild vines for genetic analysis. Wild grape plants in the studied territories have significant differences in the morphology of vegetative and generative organs. Particularly it is concern to such features as color, shape, leaf pubescence and gofference, the tops forms of the young shoot, the depth of the leaf upper cuts, the shape and depth of leaf hollow, the shape of leaf sheet cogs, color of skin and pulp of the berries. The most variable were the next sings: the openness of the top of the young shoot, the shape and pubescence of the lower side of the leaf formed.

Annotation

As a result of studies of the myological composition of the ampelocenoses soils with a different content system, in 2019, eight genera of soil micromycetes (Mucor, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Vertecillium) were isolated. Soil microbiota was found to differ depending on the season and soil keeping system. The greatest variety of micromycetes was noted in the variants with the additional introduction of organic substances. In the spring, the species of the Trichoderma sp. genus dominated in the complex of isolated soil fungi with a soil system � sodding and black fallow + organic fertilizers. In the version with a black fallow soil system in the spring, the dominant species were the species of the genus Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp oreover, the species of Trichoderma sp. was isolated only in the soil layer of 15-30 cm. In the summer, in the variants Sodding and black fallow + organic fertilizers, the species composition of soil micromycetes expanded, while the frequency of occurrence of the Trichoderma sp. species, dominated in spring, in the 0-15 cm layer was only 2,6%, and in the layer of 15-30 cm this species was not isolated. The fungus of the Trichoderma genus in the version with a black fallow soil + organic fertilizer system retained their dominant position, but their number decreased by 1.6 times. In the variant, black fallow in the soil layer of 0-15 cm the fungi of the Penicillium sp. genus dominates preserved, and in a layer of 15-30 cm, the composition was rearranged, to domination the genus Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. species.

Annotation

The article summarizes the main results of scientific research conducted by scientists of Anapa ZESV&W � branch of FSBSI NCFSCGVW in 2023 in the performance of the State task, aimed at the search, mobilisation, conservation, study and replenishment of gene resources of grapes, development of a method of analysis of vegetation indices of ampelocenoses according to long-term satellite data and obtaining new knowledge about the regularities of the influence of biotic and abiotic factors of growing grapes, as well as technological methods of wine production on changes in the biochemical composition of grapes. The researches were carried out in plantations of the center of collective use Anapa ampelographic collection and production plantations of grapes of Krasnodar region by generally accepted and adapted methods. As a result of fulfilment of the thematic plan, 7 completed developments of fundamental and 4 of priority-applied importance were obtained, including: 5 sources of breeding-valuable traits, 2 elite forms, 1 standard operating procedure for growing hybrid grape seedlings (SOP 00668034-005-2023), 1 database (Certificate of state registration of database � 2023623958 from 14.11.2023, application � 2023623768 from 08.11.2023), 1 computer programme (Certificate of state registration of database � 2023623958 from 14.11.2023, application �2023623768 from 08.11.2023), 1 technological instruction (Technology of production of wine and wine in bulk (wine material) dry white �Barkhatnyi Muscat� (TI 11.02.12-185-00668034-2023). 2 patents have been obtained based on the results of research. In general, the scientific institution maintains 21 objects of intellectual property, 14 of them � for varieties. The benchmark for fulfilment of the R&D plan on publication activity according to the state assignment for 2023 was a publication score of 7.0. The actual implementation was 11.6 points. The total number of published papers is 24, 11 of which were included in the RSCI core.

Annotation

Grapes, and then the wine, is a product of the area, and to a higher extent the obtaining the high yields and quality of wine, as well as the formation of individual properties of wine production depends on the complex of numerous factors of the environment of the grapes growth. A grapes can grow on almost all types of soils, except the highly saline and waterlogged soils. In the study of many authors the influence of different types of soils and their properties the growth of a grape plant, the quality of berries and products of their processing is indicated. The article gives a comparative description of two types of soils according to morphological and agrochemical indicators. As a result of study carried out it was established that the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of the studied soils contribute to the favorable growth and development of the grape plant. According to the content of nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, the sod-carbonate soil is the most provided, while the content of organic matter is more in black chernozem. The grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon, grown on chernozem ordinary is a higher yielding (100.6 c / ha), compared to sod-carbonate soil. However, the grapes grown on soddy-carbonate soil had the higher rates of sugar accumulation and a lower level of acidity in the juice of berries. Also the date are given in the article on the growth, development and fruit bearing of the grape plant on the studied soils and the influence of the soil component the wine quality. A tasting evaluation of the wine materials examined showed that the most balanced organoleptic characteristics was a sample of young wine obtained from a plot of sod-carbonate soil. The highest content of phenolic substances and the largest mass concentration of anthocyanins are also noted in the sample obtained from sod-carbonate soil.