Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

This article presents an analysis of the grape genetic resources at the global and Russian levels. In many countries of the world, the national programs for the conservation and use of plant genetic resources are developed and implemented. The work provides the information on the formation of common approaches to the use of existing bioresource collections in Russia and the creation of a unified information system. In addition, the results of the work on preserving the gene pool of grapes at the Anapa experimental station of viticulture and winemaking over the past two years are shown. A comparative analysis of the quantitative ratio of grape varieties growing in the other ampelographic collections is given. In particular, according to the number of samples, the Anapa ampelographic collection is the largest collection of grapes in Russia, in which there are the samples from thirty-two collections belonging to eighteen states of the world. Every year, the collection is replenished with an average of ten varieties. A comprehensive study of them is necessary to identify the patterns of adaptive reactions of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin to changing conditions of the growing season and the selection of donors and sources of breeding-valuable traits for use in the breeding. That is the preservation of the collect grape gene pool is a certain difficulty in connection with the different adaptive ability of the varieties under the other soil and climatic conditions that differ from the conditions of the previous cultivation. In this regard, this article provides the information on the relaying of the largest ampelographic collection in Russia, in which it is planned to replenish the gene pool of grapes with Kuban wild-growing forms that are of interest in the breeding.

Annotation

In 2021, the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking�, conducted scientific research in accordance with state task No. 075-0471-21-00.01, the main purpose of which was: preservation and replenishment of the gene pool of grapes; breeding of new varieties; research in areas of study of grape-suitable soils; research on the development of methods for the production of red table wines depending on the quality of the grapes and the properties of the terroir. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of the South of Russia according to generally accepted and adapted methods. The gene pool of the Anapa ampelographic collection has been replenished with 10 varieties: Diana, Moscowskiy rozovyi, Yezendari chernyi, Zhavoronok, Upiter, Tavkveri Magaracha, Bukovinka belaya, Ventura, Vernakhi, Cabernet Myshako. In 2021, work continued on the reconstruction of the ampelocollec-tion, so 508 varieties were planted on the new site. 4300 seeds were obtained and 5 sources of valuable traits were identified to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, as a result of interspecific hybridization. As a result of research in the field of grape-suitable soils, a �Database of grape-suitable soils of the Taman Peninsula of the Krasnodar region� was formed and a Technological instruction for the selection and evaluation of soils for grape culture was developed. During the development adaptive tools for managing the phytosanitary resistance of the agrocenosis of the grape nursery garden, it was revealed that the treatment of grape grafting at the production stage with preparations based on microorganisms (Trichoderma viride and Rhizobium radiobacter) contributes to the least spread and development of a complex of patho-gens. In the field of grape processing, an algorithm for the production of high-quality red table wines has been built, depending on the varietal characteristics of grapes and terroir, and the technology for the production of red table wines of predictable quality has been improved. The state task was completed in full, t he publication activity score was 9.57.

Annotation

Currently, domestic grape varieties are gaining more and more popularity in the world. And rosé wines are increasing their market share every year. At the beginning of 2022, Roskachestvo awarded the first place in the rating of rosé table wines to the dry rosé �Krasnostop anapskiy 2020�. The object of the research was wines from grape varieties Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS, grown in the Anapa ampelocollection. The classic grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon was used as a control. The article presents materials on the history of creation and agrobiological, technological and economic indicators of the grape variety of the Anapskaya ZESV&W breeding � Krasnostop Anapskiy. The amount of anthocyanins in wine materials from Krasnostop varieties of Anapa exceeds the data on these components in the control variant. The mass concentration of phenolic substances and their monomeric forms in the wine materials of the Krasnostop anapskiy grape varieties is higher than in the quality control of red wines � Cabernet Sauvignon, which indicates a high accumulation of phenolic substances in this grape variety. Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS on the organoleptic properties of wine materials received good results � 8.79 and 8.78 points. From 1968 to the present day, wines of various types and styles from Krasnostop anapskiy, produced by AZESV&W winemakers, have received more than 10 awards at various levels at the most prestigious international exhibitions and competitions. This grape variety has high potential and great prospects in light of the global trend of its use in winemaking.

Annotation

The purpose of the study is to determine the principles for the allocation of microzones of grape plantations according to the normalized indices of satellite images within the framework of the concept of terroir (a set of optimal soil, climatic factors and terrain features for wine varietal indicators). Vineyard microzoning can be carried out according to the physical and chemical composition of the soil, temperature fields, air and soil humidity, terrain morphometry, exposure and slope grade. The use of spectral data on the state of soil, plants, and the environment makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of terroirs by difference normalized indices. In the vineyard, it is possible to distinguish micro-sites with different terroir properties, which is manifested in the growth force of the bushes, their yield capacity and the degree of ripening of the grapes (in terms of sugar, acid and pH) and is reflected in the varietal indicators of the wine. Therefore, multispectral satellite images are an objective basis for assessing and identifying vineyard micro-sites with different terroir properties. Reliable interpretation of spectral satellite images is possible in the presence of reference data on soil indicators, the growth force of bushes according to phenophases, agricultural work carried out in the vineyard and row spacing, soil and air moisture. The joint analysis of satellite and ground data allows not only to reduce the number of route and field surveys and laboratory analyzes, but also to quickly make agro-management decisions on the use of the necessary resources. To solve this problem, it is possible to use open spectral data from the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7-8 satellite platforms with a frequency of 2 to 5 days. The presence of a direct relationship between soil moisture, leaf area and yield capacity allows to determine the optimal micro-sites of high-quality winemaking for vine plantations of one variety on the basis of normalized vegetation indices NDVI, soil moisture NDMI and others.

Annotation

The experience of using remote sensing data and geoinformation systems (next GIS) in viticulture in other countries has shown that the introduction of digital technologies for collecting, processing and using data on the conditions of soils, plants and the environment at different levels of generalization (bush, row, cell, field, farm) ensures the stability of crop production and the quality of berries for wine production. The management concept of digitalized vineyard is based on the use of analytical tools and specialized databases. The article discusses the possibilities of GIS Policy 5 for vineyards. The introduction of GIS for the digitalization of grape plantations will allow solving many tasks: determining the boundaries of grape plots; creating digital passports (legends) of vineyards based on technological maps linked to an electronic map; obtaining a multi-layered territorial parametric model of the area in which the vineyard grows; to simulate climatic 8-11 summer cycles, the probability of frosts, prolonged spring, droughts, hail and other extreme weather events in a given area and to what extent it can affect vineyards at different stages of vegetation; to model the role of landscape characteristics in the formation of relief, climate, soils, weather (temperature changes, soil freezing); to model the hydrological regime of the territory; to model soil characteristics, for example, the presence of active calcium, the level of basic nutrients after fertilization for 3-5 years; to develop optimal planting schemes depending on landscape, soil and climatic conditions by digital layers. The solution of these and a number of other tasks based on digitalization will ensure the sustainable development of the viticulture industry, stable harvest and the quality of viticulture products in modern conditions.