Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

It is known that the long cultivation of grapes culture on one the place leads to violation of the existing level of soil fertility because of alienation of part of plant production with a harvest and carrying out of nutrient elements by the phytomass of a bush. The level of fertility of the soil decreases, her water physical properties become worse, the expenses on the soil processing increase, the economic effect of cultivations decreases. Research are carried out under the conditions of Anapo-Tamansky agric-climatic zone of cultivation of grapes. Studying of technological processes of soil maintenance in the row-spacings of the fructifying vineyards was carried out according to the available references, patents and test reports. We have carried out the research on studying of ensuring level of soils with a humus on grapes plantings, and we used forest belts as control, for comparison and establishment of scales of lands degradation at a monoculture of grapes. The results of laboratory analyses have shown that the level of soils ensuring with a humus on the vineyards, cultivated in the monoculture mode, in the top soil layer lower than in the forest belts. Similar indicators in the most cases have occurred also in the soil layer of 25-50 cm. In this article the results of the analysis of the use of machines for mechaniza-tion of perennial plantings care at their cultivation on fallow system and sod-humus system are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of used cars are noted. To increase in degree of reproduction of soil fertility, it is recommended to develop a device for mowing improved cut shredder of plant mass. The aim is to improve process of rows copying of cultivated perennial plants and soil micro-relief by automatic tracking systems.

Annotation

At the moment, there are no systematic scientific conclusions in Russia about the mechanisms of the impact of preparations of various forms of non-root action on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from plots of different levels of fertility. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the effect of non-root preparations of different composition and system of action on the grape plant. The main attention, along with the yield capacity, was paid to the quality and organoleptic value of wine products from poor soil areas during the study of the technical grape variety Chardonnay. The objects of research were grapes and wine of Chardonnay variety from variants of treatment with non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Filloton, Agrumax). The experiment of studying the effect of foliar dressings on the productivity of a grape plant and the quality of wine was established in the Anapa region on vine plantations grafted onto a Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock planted in 2006 according to a 3x1.5 m scheme, the formation was a bilateral cordon Kazenava. Research results 2019-2021 showed that the treatment of grape bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied foliar preparations had a positive effect on the yield capacity and technological qualities of grapes of the Chardonnay variety. The best result in terms of yield capaciry was given by the variants treated with Agrumax and Gumel Lux � 9.7 and 9.4 kg/plant, respectively. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be wine materials from variants with treatment of Gumel Lux and Phylloton, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the variant of wine material from grapes treated with Gumel Lux proved to be the best.

Annotation

Based on exhaustive research, it is proposed the methods for efficient stability control of ampelocenosis under the conditions of anthropogenic intensification of production, and weather anomalies. The studies were performed under the agroecological conditions of acute shortage of rainfall, and high solar insolation and air temperature of moderately continental climate of the South of Russia in the industrial plantations with the most wide-spread grape varieties using the modern field and laboratory methods. For sustainable viticulture in the Krasnodar Region 5 agro- ecological zones and 47 sub-areas are allocated using digital soil maps, maps of isotherms and isohyets. Each subzone is characterized by the uniformity of the site soil, temperature and rainfall and is the basis for the formation of the terroir and quality winemaking as well as for optimization of zonally oriented assortment and technologies. It is proposed the optimized scheme and the planting density of vines, their load by shoots using as a model the Rhine Riesling variety; regime of plant top dressing with minerals in combination with biologically active components, including saline soils. The biological and technology of reversibility of degradation changes in the ampelocenoses soil based on the energy biomaterial is grounded. The methods of stability control of own-rooted vineyards to the quarantine vermin � phylloxera root using the physiologically active substances. The positive influence of the proposed methods for the efficient use of renewable natural resources (light, heat, water, food) in the vine production process is revealed. The increase in the level of implementation capacities of economic productivity and improving the quality of grapes and vine production is noted. The applying of the proposed methods i ncreased in production, agro-ecological and edaphic stability of ampelocenoses.

Annotation

Now, there is no systematic scientific knowledge about the mechanisms of specific agrochemical preparations influence the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from areas with high rockiness, salinity and low level of soil fertility. The article presents the results of studies on the influence of various non-root products the quality and biological value of wine products from infertile soil. The objects of research were grapes of varying degrees of bush suppression and Chardonnay wine with treatment of non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Phylloton, Agrumax). The experience of studying the influence of foliar top dressing the productivity of a grape plant and the wine quality was laid in the Anapa Region on grape plantings grafted on Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock, 2006 planting, scheme of a 3x1.5, formation of two-armed cordon Cazenava. The results of studies in 2019 showed that the treatment of bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied non-root preparations had a positive effect on the yield and technological quality of Chardonnay grapes. Variants of normally developed bushes treated with Agrumax and Phylloton � 9.2 and 8.1 kg/bush, respectively, showed the best yield results. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be the wine materials with bush`s treatment of Gumel Lux, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the wine material from grapes processed with the Gumel Lux proved to be the best. In the experiment, there is a tendency to increase the organoleptic evaluation of white wine as the concentration of malic acid decreases. So, wine materials from Gumel Lux processing grapes were most highly rated, where the amount of malic acid was minimal � 2.1-2.2 g / dm3.

Annotation

The water erosion annually causes a big losses to farmlands throughout the world. An erosion control of soils is one of the major national problem in the system of the measures directed on preservation and transformation of a landscape. The main factors of erosion development are: climatic, topographical, geological, soil, biological and the level of human economic activity. Soil erosion at the vineyards is one of priority problems in the modern wine growing. The purpose of the research conducted by us is to study the development of a water soil erosion in the vineyards. The object of our research is the vineyard soils affected by water erosion. The methods of research using in a work: the route and field inspections, the laboratory study of water and physical properties of the soil. The description of the major factors causing the development of water soil erosion in the vineyards is given in this article. It is noted that soils of easy structure with low content of organic substance are more exposed to a water erosion. It is also established that the water erosion can be manifestated on slopes, from 1�. The negative influence of system of soil maintenance of vineyards as black steam is shown and scientifically based. The ways of decrease in the mechanical soil load and the prevention of development of soil degradation processes in the vineyards are offered. It is indicated that the laying of vineyards needs research for assessment of soil potential of plots; it is necessary to plan of a plot to neutralize the microheights and low places that will prevent the further development of a water erosion. The most effective method of control of a soil erosion is use of a grass cover that almost completely prevents the development of erosion processes.