Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In 2016-2021, in the Krasnodar region, in the conditions of the Taman soil district (central region of the steppe zone, southern chernozems (chestnut), Temryuk district), the influence of biomineral fertilizers of special compositions on the main productivity indicators of table grape varieties Augustine and Moldova was studied. Fertilizers were applied by the nonroot method in the form of aqueous solutions, in accordance with the developed regulations. The research methodology was developed in accordance with the regulation on the relationship of abiotic factors and the effectiveness of fertilizers. In this regard, the research program assumed the analysis of edaphic factors, accounting and registration of the dynamics of temperature extremes, which revealed the uniformity of soil conditions of experimental sites and significant fluctuations of hydrothermal factors. The solution of research tasks was carried out with the help of one-factor field trial. As a result of the experiment, it was found that, depending on the amount of precipitation and fertilizers used, the number of fruiting shoots and inflorescences was formed, significantly exceeding the indicators in the control version (without fertilizers). Higher productivity of shoots per unit area of planting was revealed. Top dressing contributed to a significant increase in the bunch weight of grapes, mainly due to an increase in its density. The sugar content in grape juice increased by 7.3-17.3 %, depending on the variety. In 2016-2018, when using special complexes of nutrient salts of various brands with preparations containing Ascophyllum nodosum algae extract and amino acids, the economic yield capacity of grapes was higher in comparison with the control variant. In 2019-2021, against the background of the use of the adaptogen �Normat L�, the yield capacity of grapes exceeded the value of the indicator in the control variant by 38.4-38.6 % (Augustine variety) and 24.0-40.9 % (Moldova variety). The experimental data obtained characterize the application of biomineral fertilizers by the nonroot method as a sufficiently justified way to control the production process and the quality of the grape yield.

Annotation

Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the grape gene pool at the present time. The territory of Abkhazia is one of the centers of the cultivated grapes arising; many wild-growing forms and ancient native grape varieties are found here. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grape gene pool of Vitis vinifera. We performed the genotyping of Kachich grape plants, which can be qualify as the most famous local variety of Abkhazia. SSR markers recommended by the Union of Grape Genetics for genotyping of Vitis vinifera were used in the work: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. Molecular genetic analysis was carried out performed by PCR using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer. The objects of study are grape plants cultivated at three points in Abkhazia under the name �Kachich� and have morphological characteristics similar to the variety described in the USSR Ampelography. DNA analysis revealed that one of the analyzed samples is significantly different from the other two samples in microsatellite profiles. Thus, it can be argued that, in general, at least two different genotypes with similar morphological characteristics are grown under one name in Abkhazia, and, two other samples of the variety showed identical DNA profiles of plants. According to ampelographic features, these samples are closed to the description of the Kachich morphotype presented in ampelography. One of these samples grows in the collection of �Wines and Waters of Abkhazia� company and were planting with planted material from the ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking �Magarach�. It can be concluded that we obtained the DNA profile of the Kachich genotype corresponding to the morphological description of the variety.

Annotation

Optimization of grapes feeding is the one of the effective elements of the technology, keeping and raising the soils fertility, plantings efficiency and resistance to adverse factors of the environment. Efficiency of plants mineral feeding increases with introduction of scientifically reasonable norms of fertilizers. The work purpose � studying of soil and agribiological factors of effective fertilizers use on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. As objects of researches, the technical and universal grades of grapes are taken. Accounts and observations were made on agribiological and agrichemical indicators. As a result of researches the reaction of the main standard grapes varieties to change of foods conditions in dependence on the level of their productivity is established. The scientific basis of fertilizers use at a vineyards landing on the soils of different fertility and a water content are developed. The regularities of change of grapes quality and products of its processing in dependence on fertilizers, ways of the maintenance of soils and norms of bushes loading by a crop are revealed. The settlement method of determination of a grapes crops quality and efficiency of fertilizers depending on temperature conditions during blossoming is offered. Data of the forecast are used when the measures of quality management of raw materials in the adverse years are developing.

Annotation

The fertilizers significant by effect the vital functions, harvest and grapes quality. Microfertilizers and growth regulators influence the growth of shoots, laying of fruit organs, leaves mass of bushes and a harvest of grapes. These indicators allow to predict the orchards productivity. The purpose of research is to reveal the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition with use of PoliMiks-Agro preparation the growth processes of Moldova table grapes, the laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences, resistance of plants to a drought, productivity and quality of berries juice in the conditions of Anapa-Taman zone of wine growing. The PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer has applicated before blossoming and during active growth of berries and in two weeks before maturing of grapes. It is established that fertilizers have positively affected the shoot's productivity, the fruitfulness of bushes of Moldova grapes increased for 3-15 % The ratio of the connected and free water in the plant tissues is an indicator of plant resistance to dehydration, and consequently, also its adaptability under the water stress conditions. The biggest ratio of the connected and free water in the leaves the option with triple processing of grapes plants is characterized. The reliable changes of orchards productivity under the influence of PoliMiks-Agro are established. In comparison with control the harvest increase from fertilizers effect has made 2,4-3,8 t/hectare. The harvest increase is maximum when fertilizers are using in the norm of 2 liter/hectare. The research has shown that under the influence of microfertilizers the sugar content in the berries juice have increased and acidity of juice have decreased. The best indicators of sugar content of Moldova grapes were when processing of PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer in three time, on 1 liter/hectare.

Annotation

The fertilizers have a significant impact on the activization of the over ground part of the plant, harvest and grapes quality. Micro fertilizers and growth regulators have influence on the growth of shoots, the laying of fruit formations in the overwintering buds and the leaf formation of bushes. These indicators are interrelated and allow to predict the productivity of plantings. The purpose of the research is to reveal the regularities of changes in the growth processes, the productivity and the quality of products under the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition. The research are carried out in the agric ecological viticulture zone of the Black Sea of Krasnodar Region for Riesling technical varieties. Methodology of carried out scientific work included the placing of field one factor's experience with various options for application of "Polimiks-agro" fertilizer. The positive influence of not-root nutrition of fertilizer "Polimiks-agro" on growth processes, productivity, and quality of the Riesling grapes is established. In the field experience the number of shoots and one-year shoots growth and number of inflorescences are increased, the quality of grapes bunches is improved. On the treated bushes the color of leaves is intensive green, the lack of nutrients was not observed. It is shown the improvement of quality of the berries juice. Sugar content in the experience options is higher than in a control on 3.1-5.3 g/100 cm3 with decreasing acidity on 0.4-1.0 g/dm3. The reliable yield change under the influence of the "PoliMiks-agro" is established. The use of fertilizer has increased the productivity of Riesling grapes in all options of experience. The most outstanding options were released with the triple application of "PoliMiks-agro" in a dose of 2 l/hectare and with the use of "PoliMiks-agro" according to the sheme of 2: 1: 2 l/ hectare. The grapes harvest increases in these options of experiment on 4.0 and 3.1 t/ha or 36.4% and 28.2%, respectively.