Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The reaction norm of the introduced wine grape variety Merlot in unstable conditions of the moderately continental climate of the south of Russia has been established. The research was carried out in the agroecological conditions of the Black Sea viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in the industrial vineyards of the GC �Abrau-Durso� using modern methods of field research. Agrobiological accountings were carried out using the methods of agrotechnical study of grapes. The climate at the research areais moderate continental. The average annual air temperature is 14.1 ºC, during the growing season (May � September) is 22.2 ºC, the maximum rises to plus 37.0 ºC, the minimum during the wintering period of grapes falls to minus 19 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 544 mm, during the growing season � 208 mm, during the active growth of grape berries (II. June-III. august) � 96 mm. The grape plant reacts with the modification variability of phenotypic traits to the variation of environmental conditions. The lower limit of the modification variability of the cluster mass is 98 g and the upper limit is 121 g., the grape yield is 3.3 kg/bush and 6.8 kg/bush, the sugar content of the grape berries juice is 20.1 g/100 cm3 and 21.6 g/100 cm3 . The reaction norm is 23 g, 3.5 kg/bush and 1.5 g/100 cm3 , respectively. Against the background of the application of fertilizers, the lower and upper limits of the modification variability increased respectively: the cluster mass by 16 % and 9 %, the grape yield by 48 % and 16 %, the sugar content of the grape juice of by 10 % and 7 %. The reaction norm decreased: reduction for the cluster mass as phenotypic trait was 22 %, for the grape yield � 14 %, and for the sugar content of the berry juice � 67 %.

Annotation

The results of agrical and chemical monitoring of the sod-carbonate soil under the fructifying grapes orchards of Merlot in the conditions of the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. During the period from 2009 to 2015 in the soil at a depth up to 120 cm (through each 30 cm) it is studied the dynamics and parameters of maintenance of mobile forms of macro and micro minerals and harmful salts (chlorides and sulfates) and the range of �� values are analyzed. The relevance of the research is caused by of development of the effective differentiated, resource-saving, ecologically safe system of use of vineyards fertilizers, and also by need of identification of the factors which are limiting the stability of ampelocenoses and negatively influencing the quality indicators of a harvest. The quantitative results of monitoring in interrelation with dynamics of efficiency of grapes productivity give an idea about regularities of plants behavior in the concrete soil climatic conditions and allow us to create the theoretical designs of productional process. The considerable variation of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also the low content of nitrogen and the increased content of manganese are established. The amount of chlorides in the soil didn't exceed the admissible values. The soil plots with excess of average content of sulfates in the soil are revealed. The carried out agric and biological measuring has allowed to define the influence of agric and chemical indicators of the experimental plot activity of productional processes of grapes plants. The number of shoots per one bush on experimental plants in average during observation period was 21-26, the number of fruitful shoots per 1 bush � 16-23, the number of inflorescences was 27-31. The coefficient of fructification (K1) at the same time was 0,76-0,91, and coefficient of fruitfulness (K2) was 1,08-1,29.

Annotation

The territory of the Abkhazia Republic is recognized as one of the regions of the cultural vine origin. Here there are many native varieties and wild forms of grapes. The study of the grape gene pool at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to much more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. The purpose of this work is to study the wild-growing vines in Abkhazia. The search for wild forms of grapes was carried out in the Gudautskiy, Gagrskiy and Sukhumskiy districts of the Republic of Abkhazia, in areas remote and fairly isolated from cultivated vineyards. 7 samples were selected for the study. The description of the found vines by morphological characteristics has been carried out. DNA was extracted from the apical parts of vine shoots by the CTAB method. Genotyping was performed using 11 SSR markers: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, UDV737 and GF09-46. The amplified PCR reaction products were assessed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, with following size determination using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of reference genotypes with known allelic composition. Statistical processing of microsatellite loci polymorphism data was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. Analysis of the DNA profiles obtained in the international database of DNA passports of grape varieties do not show any coincidences. It is revealed that the three analyzed samples collected at one geographical point are identical in terms of DNA profiles and ampelographic description. One of the vines found is probably an interspecific hybrid. Statistical processing of microsatellite locus polymorphism data showed that the observed heterozygosity of the sample studied is slightly lower than the expected heterozygosity: 0.618 and 0.687 respectively.

Annotation

The various aspects and prospects of development of the design and estimate documentation regulating the main stages of laying and operation of perennial fruit plantations are considered. The relevance of the problem of a systematic approach to the complex of works related to the establishment of new modern and reconstruction of extensive perennial fruit plantations is determined by the legislative framework and the relevant Resolutions of the regional administration, as well as measures aimed at increasing in the production of high-quality fruit and berry products in the Krasnodar Territory. The tendencies of growth by years of the area of fruit plantations, laid by small agricultural enterprises that play an important role in the market economy, and diversified farms (secondary, additional industry), in almost all municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory, including on soils conditionally suitable for gardening, are revealed. In this regard, the responsibility of horticultural enterprises and industry specialists is increasing for the effective use of agricultural land allotted for a monoculture of a garden and the level of profitability of plantations, which is closely related to the design parameters of laid gardens. The tasks of design and estimate activities necessary to optimize the process of developing energy-resource-saving technological solutions have been determined. Constructive measures are proposed that are necessary for further optimization of work related to the development of pre-project documentation: systematization of data characterizing the prospects for the development of the fruit-growing industry depending on the zonal soil and climatic specifics (zonal and microzonal features), creation of an electronic database of horticultural soil resources of the region and their systematization according to agrochemical prpherties and type content and others. The prospects of work of the design and technological, search and design bureau of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW on the basis of systematization of working materials using electronic databases are outlined.

Annotation

Based on exhaustive research, it is proposed the methods for efficient stability control of ampelocenosis under the conditions of anthropogenic intensification of production, and weather anomalies. The studies were performed under the agroecological conditions of acute shortage of rainfall, and high solar insolation and air temperature of moderately continental climate of the South of Russia in the industrial plantations with the most wide-spread grape varieties using the modern field and laboratory methods. For sustainable viticulture in the Krasnodar Region 5 agro- ecological zones and 47 sub-areas are allocated using digital soil maps, maps of isotherms and isohyets. Each subzone is characterized by the uniformity of the site soil, temperature and rainfall and is the basis for the formation of the terroir and quality winemaking as well as for optimization of zonally oriented assortment and technologies. It is proposed the optimized scheme and the planting density of vines, their load by shoots using as a model the Rhine Riesling variety; regime of plant top dressing with minerals in combination with biologically active components, including saline soils. The biological and technology of reversibility of degradation changes in the ampelocenoses soil based on the energy biomaterial is grounded. The methods of stability control of own-rooted vineyards to the quarantine vermin � phylloxera root using the physiologically active substances. The positive influence of the proposed methods for the efficient use of renewable natural resources (light, heat, water, food) in the vine production process is revealed. The increase in the level of implementation capacities of economic productivity and improving the quality of grapes and vine production is noted. The applying of the proposed methods i ncreased in production, agro-ecological and edaphic stability of ampelocenoses.