Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Research conducted at Anapa�s ampelo-graphic collection from 2001 to 2010, have allowed to reveal in stressful conditions of the critical low temperatures and drought a number of promising technical grape varieties with useful economic and biological and technological signs and with stability to environmental factors

Annotation

In the pilot study on vineyards of the Rostov Region it is established that by optimization of the scheme of bushes planting the efficiency of lands use and the efficiency of plantings productivity are increasing. In case of dense landing it is possible to receive the required amount of grapes from the smaller area of plantings. Considering the relevance of a problem of rational use of land resources in the productional process of grapes and insufficient study of influence of the scheme of bushes planting in the perennial plantings, we have set the object is to reveal the optimal scheme and density of bushes planting using the criterions of productivity for increase in efficiency of use of land resources in the wine growing branch. The reliable influence of the different scheme and density of bushes landing to change of efficiency of grapes plantings under the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture of the South of Russia is established. The research are carried out on Riesling Rhine vineyards in the stationary two factorial field experiment with a different width of row-spacings and different distance between bushes under the conditions of the increased solar insolation, uneven falling of atmospheric precipitations and their deficit during the main periods of vegetation. Under the abnormal weather conditions the vineyards were put according to the scheme 3,5×1,0 and 3,0×1,5 meters have the greatest efficiency. In these options at the density of planting of 2857 and 2222 bushes on hectare the productivity of grapes was the greatest, on average is 12,25 t/hectare. Receiving the same harvest with other schemes of bushes planting will require to use the bigger land area. It convincingly proves the need of application of the optimized ways of bushes grapes planting for effective use of land resources in the agricultural production.

Annotation

Now in Russia the overproduction of red wines is noted, so the attempts to reduce the production of red wines towards increase the production of white wines are made. For create of new plantings of white grapes the old assortment is used, but it was strongly damaged in extreme 2005-2006. The purpose of research is study of economic and valuable traits, the technological and other indicators of new white grapes varieties. The integrated assessment of their varieties is given and the most perspective varieties for replenishment of modern assortment are allocated. The results of long-term study of new grapes varieties which is carried out at the Anapa Experimental Station of Vine growing and Winemaking during the period from 2006 to 2013 are presented in the article. It is established that average productivity of studied new grapes varieties is higher on 39-123 c/hectare, than zoned Aligote variety. During 2011-2013 this difference was 35,1-60,9 c/hectare. A number of perspective white technical grapes are revealed. These varieties have stability to adverse ecological factors of the environment and at the same time they are capable to give the high-quality wines. It is offered to use the technical grapes varieties � Arabushlo, Bakator white, Zolotaya osen, Polyuks in the industrial purposes and in the breeding work as donors of frost resistance, drought resistance and quality of wine. Use of these varieties will expand the borders of steady production of grapes in the region. The result of study of new grapes varieties of the technological direction is the quality of created wines: all experimental wine materials received the higher tasting estimates, than the wines made from control varieties.

Annotation

The aim of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of the Riesling Rhine grape variety on the basis of the evaluation of growth processes activity, the laying of generative organs in the central buds of wintering grape buds, the ways of placing and keeping the bushes. It is necessary to study the biological properties of a grape plant, since without this knowledge, it is difficult to purposefully influence the functional activity of plants to obtain a crop of the required quality. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the field experiment on the basis of AZESViW (Anapa city). Objects of research: the technical middle growing of Riesling Rhine grape variety, and regulations for bushes keeping. The field stationar methods and laboratory methods were used. The article presents the results of revealing the agrobiological features of the studied grape variety under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia on the basis of studying the intensity of growth processes, the formation of generative organs and ways of locating and maintaining bushes in the vine plantations. As a result of research carried out the patterns of change in growth processes, the productivity of the Riesling Rhine and the quality of products under the influence of different methods of grape plants planting are revealed. More active growth and high leaf cover of shoots were observed in plantations with three-meter rows. It is shown that the productive zone of shoots is in the range of 2-5 internodes irrespective of the planting scheme. This biological feature of the variety should be taken into account when the selection of the method of bushes pruning. The quality of the experienced wine materials was quite high (tasting score from 7.8 to 8.0 points). The samples with the scheme of bushes planting of 3,5�2,0; 3,0�1,5 and 3,0�1,0 m were the best.

Annotation

There are 4911 varieties of table and technical grapes are in the ampelographic collection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station now. This collection is replenished annually due to introductions, breeding of hybrids, searching for wild forms. The dominant part of the collection's gene pool belongs to the species Vitis vinifera L., about 2 % comes from Vitis labrusca L., the single varieties belong to some other types of grapes. As a result of the varietal composition analysis of table grapes according to the timing of maturation, a relatively identical quantitative selection of varieties annually are established. It allows you to create an economically viable conveyor of production and sale of table grapes, taking into account the specifics of the resort area of the Black Sea coast. Of particular value are varieties of early and super early ripening, which provide the highest profitability of table viticulture, but it is not enough in the assortment of early ripening varieties, and this problem is very important for the resort Southern areas. There is a great need for stable table grape varieties with large, elegant bunches and berries with unusual shape and beautiful color of the berries, characterized by high taste qualities. According to these parameters, the highest selling price of grapes is formed. Analysis of the composition of technical grape varieties revealed their quantitative varietal ratio in the processing of grape products. This makes it possible to evenly load the capacity of the plants for the production of wine. It is shown in the article that favorable weather conditions contributed to the full flowering pollination of grapevines. Therefore, the bunches were aligned and full at the main quantity of varieties. In this regard, the share of technical varieties with a harvest of up to 90 quintals per hectare decreased by 30 % compared to 2015. And the share of varieties with a yield of more than 150 centners per hectare increased.