Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In this article the problems of a modern nursery organization are presented, the features of development of landing material production in the Krasnodar Region according to import substitution are shown. During the fast development of production of various landing material the most important problems are the assortment of cultivated crops; the insufficient use of modern technologies of saplings production; the phytosanitary condition of nurseries; the lack of basic nurseries and modern hi-tech infrastructure; big share of manual works, etc. Lack of self-fertile varieties of many crops is observed, nurseries have not a wide line of varieties of various term of maturing, low focus on preferences of domestic consumers is noted. Because of climate shift from moderate continental to sharply continental the lack of adaptive technologies of cultivation and the corresponding varieties and rootstocks is sharply felt. For the solution of these problems the priority directions of development of a modern nursery with use of new achievements in virology, immunology, etc. are offered. The improvement of assortment of landing material of varieties and rootstocks highly adapted to bio and abiotic stressors is offered. The emphasis is made hat nursery farms have to rely on the market research carried out in this region and make their work taking into account the demands of certain groups of consumers. The development of the aggressive marketing technologies capable to resist to expansion of foreign technologies and import products on the Russian market is necessary, and scientific institutions have to the leading position in this process. In the article the strategy of the organization of production of landing material is offered considering to the different opportunities of the farms which are growing up the landing material of garden crops.

Annotation

The development of methods for determining the adaptive ability of plants to adverse abiotic and biotic factors is an important direction in many fields of science (ecological genetics, epiginetics, genetics of quantitative traits, biochemical genetics, ecological genetics, plant immunity, physiology, phytopathology, etc.). The study of plant microbiota allows a comprehensive assessment of their adaptability, similar to studies conducted on animals. The characteristics of the plant itself, the stage of its development, the reaction of the host and endophyte to external conditions affect the composition and structure of the endophytic community. These complex interactions play a role in the manifestation of the plant's phenotypic traits, including its ability to adapt to ad-verse abiotic and biotic factors. Combined breeding and biocontrol strategies are necessary to maintain the balance of ecosystems. Testing of rootstock forms of small-stone cultures showed the presence of endophytic microorganisms in the internal tissues of stem explants. Among the isolated bacteria, representatives of the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus dominated. Fungi were represented by necrotrophs (Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium). Endophytic bacteria showed antagonism to isolated pathogenic fungi. It was revealed that in genotypes with a high level of adaptation to abiotic and biotic adverse factors, fungal pathogens are isolated from internal tissues in less than 15 % of all tests. Bacteria predominate and are detected in more than half of the tests. Therefore, it is important to determine the nature of the effect of endophytic bacteria on plant tissues by the degree of their necrotization in the presence of the studied microorganisms. According to the indicators of bacterial and fungal microbiota development, as well as the degree of necrotization of plant tissues under the influence of endophytic bacteria, the most promising genotypes were identified among the studied rootstock forms of small-stemmed cultures: VSL-2, 3-93, 5-40, 3-21, 3-110, 11-17, 5-44, 10-13 (2009 - 2010); Gisella D, Gisella 5, 3-76 (2021).

Annotation

Many years of experience in studying the winter hardiness of fruit trees and the analysis of literary sources indicate the difficulty of identifying forms resistant to low temperatures of the winter-spring period in the conditions of southern Russia. Prolonged autumn, constant temperature jumps in the winter-spring period and significant differences in the years of both average and minimum and maximum temperatures make it difficult to isolate plants adaptive to the stressors of this period. In winter, biochemical processes take place in the tissues of fruit trees, many of which are much more intense in the conditions of a warm southern winter than in the conditions of cold winters in more northern regions, and therefore, standards and parameters are needed to determine winter hardiness, acceptable specifically to the conditions of the south. The winter development and hardiness of fruit trees is determined to a very large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter, and to what extent these substances will turn into protective ones. All this makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of plants using physiological, biochemical, anatomical and morphological studies involving artificial climate cameras. In our work, the quantitative determination of starch in perennial branches and young shoots of sour cherries allowed us to reveal its dynamics during the annual cycle of plant development. Cherry varieties that showed excellent and good resistance to low temperatures had a greater number of starch grains. With the help of artificial freezing and the field method of research, it was possible to isolate the resistance of sour cherry varieties to each component of winter hardiness. The most resistant to the complex of winter stresses from the studied forms in the field conditions of Ust-Labinsk district, where low winter temperatures of up to -27 ºC are observed, according to the results of field experiments, freezing in special chambers and according to starch accumulation, were following clone Molodezhnaya, and cherry varieties Griot Timiryazevsky, Timiryazevskaya pozdnyaya.

Annotation

The results of study on drought resistance of nine varieties of apricot (Bratskiy, Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgiyevskiy, Orlik Stavropolya, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) under the conditions of rigid drought in the territory of Krasnodar Region are presented in this article. It is revealed that differences in water content in leaf tissue of studied apricot varieties are small, their range is from 66% to 70%. By analysis of variance the intervarietal variability on signs of drought resistance of an apricot is established. Two varieties which maintain the conditions of long effect of high temperatures were selected as a result of carried out research. It is analyzed the condition of seven apricot varieties of (Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgyevskiy, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) on signs of productivity to assess their stability to unfavorable factors which are appear in ontogenesis under the influence of the external environment. It is established that the genotype of the studied apricot varieties statistically authentically influences on everything studied productivity signs. without exception Existence of variability on productivity signs between the studied varieties is proved. As a result of carried research on a basis of complex of signs of drought resistance the apricot varieties of New Jersey and Reklamny which should be attracted as parental forms at inter varieties hybridization are selected. The essential contribution to gene typical distinctions of studied apricot varieties according to productivity was made by next signs: mass of a fruit, a yield from a tree, quantity of fruits.

Annotation

The samples of the genus Prunus L. with different types of resistance to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium hiemale (Higg.)) were identified. Evaluation of 18 new cherry and sweet cherry hybrids of NCFSCHVW breeding to 50 clones of the fungu made it possible to identify the differentiation of the samples according to the effectiveness of resistance to monopustular fungal isolates. High efficiency of resistance (100 % avirulent clones) was shown by 13 samples: AI-1, 3-108, 3-106-107, 3-111, 4r34m, 10 / 15-3, 3-20, 3-61, 3- 39, 3-107, 7-9, AI-5 from B-D-2 (4r2 m), 3-76. Others forms have an efficiency of resistance from 87.3 to 98.5 %, which indicates the need to evaluate immune forms for the effectiveness of resistance in order to control the accumulation of virulence on resistant samples to recommend their use in breeding and genetics. As studies show, horizontal (race-specific) resistance is the most long-term, and finding the parameters that determine it is one of the important directions in the selection of economically valuable plant genotypes. The assessment of genotypes based to leaf spot in terms of the average number of pustules per 1 cm2 of the leaf, resistance index, generative activity of the fungu, showed a difference in the plant lesion and spore formation. Of the 77 studied forms, 6 varieties and forms of sweet cherry and cherry and 5 hybrids were isolated according to the studied indicators. Among them are the varieties of Bigarro Oratovsky, Kosmicheskaya, Cherry 3-33-34, Yuzhanka, hybrids of BI 43-1, 6/4 K, 6/8 K, BI 43 I, etc. The obtained data are important both in breeding for obtaining new forms with a stable long-term non-infectability of diseases, and for isolating the forms of cherries and sweet cherries for use in organic farming technologies.