Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).

Annotation

In connection with climate change, it is necessary to improve the assortment of grapes adapted to the conditions of the south of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify physiological and biochemical indicators associated with the formation of protective reactions of various grape varieties to the effect of summer stressors; to identify adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region on the basis of them. Adaptive resistance of grapes to high temperatures was achieved by increasing the content of bound water and proline. It was found that the indicator of the ratio of bound water to free water, which determines the resistance to drought in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Zarif, is higher than in other studied varieties and was 5.23-5.24 by the end of summer. The varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Aligote showed the maximum amounts of proline (52.41-66.14 μg/g raw weight), involved in the implementation of stress-protective mechanisms. Adaptive changes in water-soluble proteins and sugars played a decisive role in the formation of high-temperature stability in summer. A minimal decrease in the content of soluble proteins (by 1.3 times) during the summer was noted in the Dostoynyi and Kristall varieties, indicating their high adaptive ability. The unstable Aligote variety showed a maximum decrease in the content of soluble proteins by the end of summer (3.4 times). The Zarif variety showed the smallest changes in the content of soluble sugars (a decrease of 1.3 times), indicating increased adaptation to arid conditions. It was found that the induction of protective adaptive mechanisms is more pronounced in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, which proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the summer period 2019-2020.

Annotation

Despite the increase in the average annual temperature observed in recent decades in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, the problem of winter and frost resistance of grapes remains urgent. The purpose of this work is to reveal the adaptive changes in the metabolism of various grape varieties that arise in response to the climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period, on the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amuro-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the Krasnostop AZOS variety was distinguished by the greatest decrease in tissue water content (by 10%), as well as an increased content of bound water (48.50% of the total amount) in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. The lowered temperatures in November contributed to the hydrolysis of starch and its transformation into soluble sugars that protect cells from the formation of ice crystals. In the middle of winter, the starch content in all varieties decreased due to its hydrolysis, and to a greater extent in Dostoynyi varieties (10.38 times), Krasnostop AZOS (9.63 times), Zarif (8.75 times). In addition to soluble sugars, the adaptive resistance of grapes to low temperatures was achieved an increase in the content of anthocyanins in the shoot bark. The maximum increase in anthocyanins (2.69 times) was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety, indicating their significant role in adaptive processes. It was found that, according to the degree of tissue hydration, the content of bound water, anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and the degree of starch hydrolysis, the Krasnostop AZOS variety showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter conditions of 2020-2021 in comparison with other studied varieties.

Annotation

The search for an accelerated assessment of the resistance of grape varieties to extremely high temperatures (hyperthermia) is of particular relevance due to the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced high-temperature stress (hyperthermia) in terms of peroxidase activity, the content of proline, ascorbic acid, and to identify varieties with increased resistance to high temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Studied varieties respond to hyperthermia by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid. It was found that peroxidase played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress in the variety Dostoynyi � an increase in its activity by 5.09 times; unlike other varieties, in which an increase was noted by 1.08-1.97 times. In other varieties, the maintenance of redox balance is achieved by increasing the content of proline, ascorbic acid. Insufficient peroxidase activity under conditions of hyperthermia in varieties Kristall and Zarif was compensated by an increase in proline content � by 2.65 and 7.64 times, respectively. It was presented that in the varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi, ascorbic acid showed its protective effect along with proline � an increase in its content by 2.31 and 2.66 times, respectively. In the Zarif variety under stress conditions, an increase in ascorbic acid by 8.35 times was observed. It has been established that the varieties Zarif, Dostoynyi, Kristall, unlike other studied varieties, are more resistant to extremely high temperatures in the summer period.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the tissues of grape shoots under the natural weather and climatic conditions of winter 2020. Taking into account the developing import substitution policy in Russia, the relevance of these studies is confirmed by the need to form a grape assortment adapted to modern conditions of changing climate. In this case, the ecological and geographical origin of the variety is of great importance. Varietal differences in the formation of grape plant responses to the conditions of a changing climate, which are closely related to ecological and geographical origin of plants were revealed. It was found that in all the studied grape varieties, the nature of the dynamics of the starch content, which is the main reserve substance in the winter period, is an important factor for plant adaptation to winter conditions. Maximum starch content was found in the varieties of Dostoyny and Kristall (1.25-1.26 mg / g dry substance), which indicates their increased winter hardiness. The cultivars of Dostoyny and Aligote showed a high contribution of sucrose content to the formation of a protective response to winter conditions. The protective function of proline as an osmoprotector in the process adaptation was manifested in the varieties of Dostoyny, Vostorg, Zarif. A greate role in the formation of resistance in the varieties of Vostorg, Krasnostop, Kristall, Zarif of ascorbic acid was noted, which is an active antioxidant, the content of which was 17.2-29.8 μg / g of raw material. Anthocyanins made a significant contribution to the protection function of the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties, the content of which in February increased by 1.9-2.0 times compared to January. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the Dostoyny variety a great role for formation of protect mechanism belong to anthocyanins, and in the Vostorg variety � to proline. It has been shown that the induction of a protective response in winter is more manifested in the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties in comparison with Aligote and Zarif varieties.