Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In recent years, obtaining stable high yields of apple trees is limited by the impact of unfavorable factors of the winter period, including those resulting from local climate change. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the adaptation stability of the apple tree to winter stress on physiological and biochemical parameters, allocate the most stable varieties for the cultivation in the conditions of the Krasnodar region. Objects of research were the varieties of apple trees of various ecologic-geographical origin: Orfey, Idadred, Ligol, Prikubanskoye. Comparative studies of these varieties in the parameters of the water regime, the content of water-soluble sugars, soluble proteins, anthocyanins during the winter periods of 2020-2022 were carried out. It was revealed that the studied varieties of an apple tree in the conditions of an unstable climate of the South of Russia implement a similar mechanism for the formation of winter hardiness, which has quantitative differences in the content of some metabolites in the pre-winter and winter periods. It has been established that the cryoprotective function of water-soluble sugars has manifested as much as possible in the varieties Orfey and Ligol, their content increased by 2.57 and 2.69 times, respectively. Soluble proteins have made the greatest contribution to the formation of a protective response in varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoye in January, their content increased by 1.78 and 1.92 times, respectively, compared to December. The protective function of the anthocyanians was maximally manifested in December in the Orfey variety, in the bark of which there was an increase in their content by 5.23 times. The physiological and biochemical adaptation of the apple trees to the low temperatures of the winter period is achieved by increasing the fraction of the bound water in the total water content, increase the content of water-soluble sugars, proteins and anthocyanins in the bark and buds. According to the obtained data, the apple tree varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the pre-winter and winter periods and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced low�temperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the Western-foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in the industrial plantations LLC �Gardens of the Foothills�, the effect of foliar top dressing of apple trees by special complex of aminoacids and nutrition saults the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves has been studied. The object of research is an apple-tree on MM106 a rootstock of Idared, Rennet Simirenko, Golden Delishes of 2012 landing. In the beginning of blossoming, the trees were treated with fertilizer containing boron and amino acids. In May, the leaf treatments with an aqueous solution of liquid mineral fertilizers of the composition CaO and N were made. In June, the apple trees were treated with an aqueous solution of special complex mineral fertilizers of N18P18K18 + 2Mg + 1.5S. An analysis of the hydrothermal factors dynamics in the spring-summer period re-vealed a prolonged negative effect the plants of a complex of abiotic stressors. Against this background, the morpho-anatomical structure of leaves treated with aqueous solutions of organic-mineral fertilizers was studied. A significant thickening of the leaf sheet is revealed due to a significant increase in the palisade layer of the leaf mesophyll (from 2.6 to 9.9 %, depending on the variety), containing the main amount of chloroplasts. The size of the leaf sheet increased in 7.1-41.0 %. Spectral analysis of the leaves revealed a significant increase in the number of functional pigments for the all studied apple varieties with the use of foliar top dressing (by 2.1-18.9 %, depending on the variety), which contributed to the enhancement of plant assimilation activity. The content of green pigments correlated with the content of monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) in the leaves: k = 0.56-0.58. The trend continued through all period of study. Thus, the use of apple plants top dressing with organic and mineral fertilizers containing macro-, microelements and a complex of amino acids in a spring-summer period allows you to regulate the intensity of photosynthesis at the anatomical, morphological and physiological levels.

Annotation

The problem of grape�s adaptive stability in unstable climatic conditions in the important region of grape cultivation - the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, is relevant. The purpose of this work is to conduct comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin on the dynamics of the content of starch and water-soluble sugars in the conditions of the autumn-winter period, to identify winterhard varieties according to this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Adaptive rearrangements of carbohydrate metabolism arising in response to unstable climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period of 2020-2021 are revealed. It was found that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, the accumulation of starch played an important role in the adaptation processes during overwintering, its content decreased by 10, 38, 9.63 and 8.75 times, respectively. It is shown that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Aligote, water-soluble sugars played an important role in resistance to winter stress conditions, the content of which in the buds increased by 1.2-1.5 times after low-temperature exposure. An important role of the osmoprotector of sucrose in the formation of a protective response in varieties Dostoynyi and Vostorg was revealed, the content of which in the buds and shoots increased by 4.8-6.3 times after the action of low temperatures. According to the results of studies of the content of starch and soluble sugars, it was revealed that Dostoynyi variety has the greatest potential for resistance to winter stresses; Vostorg variety stood out as the most adaptive in terms of the content of water-soluble sugars, including sucrose.

Annotation

At present, the adaptive stability potential of some fruit varieties is insufficient for a response to climate changes in the North Caucasus Region of Russia. In this regard, the creation of varieties with increased environmental plasticity and high adaptive potential is relevant. Physiological and biochemical studies of apple varieties state after artificially induced low-temperature stress will allow to assess the studied apple varieties for resistance to critical frosts in mid-winter. A comparative assessment of the apple variety resistance to low temperature stress showed that there were quantitative changes content of malon dialdehyde content in the one-year shoots, as well as ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, chalcones, and peroxidase activity. It is established that in various apple varieties, peroxidase activity and antioxidant content in the tissue of shoots under conditions of low temperature stress varied with difference, detoxification of active oxygen forms (AOF) was achieved by various components of antioxidant protection. In the Prikubanskoye apple variety, the content of malondialdehyde in the one-year shoots remained almost unchanged, indicating the greater stability of the cell membranes, achieved due to the increased activity of peroxidase. n the Rodnichok variety, AOF detoxification is achieved by increasing in the ascorbic acid content by 3 times. Varieties of Rassvet and Prikubanskoe had the highest content of anthocyanins and chalcones, that indicate their greater frost resistance in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. Analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics we have found as a result of our research showed that Prikubanskoe apple variety is resistant (II component of winter hardiness). The varieties of Rassvet, Rodnichok, Idared are of less resistant to the highest frost in the mid-winter.