Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the Southern region of Russia the degree of drought resistance of apple varieties has a great importance as the majority of them are cultivated in the irrigation free conditions. The work purpose is to study the water mode of apple varieties of various ploidy for identification of the most adapted varieties to abiotic factors of the summer period. The integrated approach on the basis of physiological, biochemical and anatomical-morphological analysis of leaves tissue of an apple-tree is applied to identification of adaptable mechanisms of stability. The comparative data about structure of a leaf sheet characterizing the physiological condition of plants during the summer period of 2011-2013 are received. The modern physiological and biochemical methods of research and also methods of light microscopy are used. The triploidy apple-tree varieties as Soyus and Rodnichok have the raised maintenance of the connected form of water, proline and potassium cations. It allows plants to support the rather high level of physiological processes during the summer period. It is established by the conducted research that triploidy apple varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok possess the best ability to adapt for a drought, than diploidic Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mak, Deyton varieties. On the basis of the data obtained in the years of different weather conditions it is revealed that the three ploidy apple-tree varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok have the cseromorfy traits of a leaf connected with drought resistance. It is possible to claim that triploidy apple-tree varieties of domestic breeding possess a big reserve of potential opportunities to adapt for a drought and a heat in comparison with the introduced diploidic varieties of foreign breeding. Local apple varieties, and three ploidy varieties more than diploidy varieties, possess the bigger ecological plasticity, that allow them to adapt better to extreme factors of the environment on the basis of physiological reactions changing.

Annotation

The adverse effect of temperature fluctuations during the summer affects the productivity and yield of the apple tree, which actualizes the need for breeding for adaptability and increasing resistance to abiotic stress factors. Physiological and biochemical studies disclose the mechanisms of a protective response to the action of stressors. The purpose of this work is to study the peculiarities of the physiological and biochemical response of the various types of apple trees on the stressful conditions of the summer period, allocate the most stable varieties for use in breeding purposes. Objects of research � 6 varieties of apple trees of various ecological and geographical origin: Idared, Interprais (USA), Ligol (Poland), Orfey, Prikubanskoe (Russia, NCFSCHVW), Florina (France). It is shown that a decrease in the content of water-soluble sugars is associated with the oppression of assimilative processes in the leafy tissues against the background of the action of elevated temperatures and the lack of precipitation. It has been established that in varieties Interprais and Orfey content of the proline increased during the summer in 1.7-2.9 times, indicating active participation in osmotic regulation. The content of abscise acid increased during the period of elevated temperatures and droughts in Florina, Orfey and Idared varieties in 1.21-2.08 times depending on the variety indicating the participation of this phytohormone in osmotic adjustment. The largest contribution of organic acids in osmotic regulation is marked at the Orfey and Prikubanskoe varieties. The smallest heat resistance defined by the leakage of electrolytes is marked at Florina, Idared and Ligol varieties. Based on the generalized data, apple tree varieties Interprais, Orfey and Prikbanskanskoe showed themselves more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020. The obtained results are of interest for using them in breeding purposes as a diagnostic indicators of the degree of resistance to the stress of the summer period.

Annotation

In recent years, obtaining stable high yields of apple trees is limited by the impact of unfavorable factors of the winter period, including those resulting from local climate change. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the adaptation stability of the apple tree to winter stress on physiological and biochemical parameters, allocate the most stable varieties for the cultivation in the conditions of the Krasnodar region. Objects of research were the varieties of apple trees of various ecologic-geographical origin: Orfey, Idadred, Ligol, Prikubanskoye. Comparative studies of these varieties in the parameters of the water regime, the content of water-soluble sugars, soluble proteins, anthocyanins during the winter periods of 2020-2022 were carried out. It was revealed that the studied varieties of an apple tree in the conditions of an unstable climate of the South of Russia implement a similar mechanism for the formation of winter hardiness, which has quantitative differences in the content of some metabolites in the pre-winter and winter periods. It has been established that the cryoprotective function of water-soluble sugars has manifested as much as possible in the varieties Orfey and Ligol, their content increased by 2.57 and 2.69 times, respectively. Soluble proteins have made the greatest contribution to the formation of a protective response in varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoye in January, their content increased by 1.78 and 1.92 times, respectively, compared to December. The protective function of the anthocyanians was maximally manifested in December in the Orfey variety, in the bark of which there was an increase in their content by 5.23 times. The physiological and biochemical adaptation of the apple trees to the low temperatures of the winter period is achieved by increasing the fraction of the bound water in the total water content, increase the content of water-soluble sugars, proteins and anthocyanins in the bark and buds. According to the obtained data, the apple tree varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the pre-winter and winter periods and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced low�temperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the Western-foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in the industrial plantations LLC �Gardens of the Foothills�, the effect of foliar top dressing of apple trees by special complex of aminoacids and nutrition saults the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves has been studied. The object of research is an apple-tree on MM106 a rootstock of Idared, Rennet Simirenko, Golden Delishes of 2012 landing. In the beginning of blossoming, the trees were treated with fertilizer containing boron and amino acids. In May, the leaf treatments with an aqueous solution of liquid mineral fertilizers of the composition CaO and N were made. In June, the apple trees were treated with an aqueous solution of special complex mineral fertilizers of N18P18K18 + 2Mg + 1.5S. An analysis of the hydrothermal factors dynamics in the spring-summer period re-vealed a prolonged negative effect the plants of a complex of abiotic stressors. Against this background, the morpho-anatomical structure of leaves treated with aqueous solutions of organic-mineral fertilizers was studied. A significant thickening of the leaf sheet is revealed due to a significant increase in the palisade layer of the leaf mesophyll (from 2.6 to 9.9 %, depending on the variety), containing the main amount of chloroplasts. The size of the leaf sheet increased in 7.1-41.0 %. Spectral analysis of the leaves revealed a significant increase in the number of functional pigments for the all studied apple varieties with the use of foliar top dressing (by 2.1-18.9 %, depending on the variety), which contributed to the enhancement of plant assimilation activity. The content of green pigments correlated with the content of monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) in the leaves: k = 0.56-0.58. The trend continued through all period of study. Thus, the use of apple plants top dressing with organic and mineral fertilizers containing macro-, microelements and a complex of amino acids in a spring-summer period allows you to regulate the intensity of photosynthesis at the anatomical, morphological and physiological levels.