Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The estimation of drought resistance degree of grapes varieties of different ecological and geographical origin by anatomical and morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters for research of plants adaptive mechanisms is conducted in the conditions of Anapa-Taman area. According to results of research, the grapes varieties with increased drought resistance are selected

Annotation

The adverse effect of temperature fluctuations during the summer affects the productivity and yield of the apple tree, which actualizes the need for breeding for adaptability and increasing resistance to abiotic stress factors. Physiological and biochemical studies disclose the mechanisms of a protective response to the action of stressors. The purpose of this work is to study the peculiarities of the physiological and biochemical response of the various types of apple trees on the stressful conditions of the summer period, allocate the most stable varieties for use in breeding purposes. Objects of research � 6 varieties of apple trees of various ecological and geographical origin: Idared, Interprais (USA), Ligol (Poland), Orfey, Prikubanskoe (Russia, NCFSCHVW), Florina (France). It is shown that a decrease in the content of water-soluble sugars is associated with the oppression of assimilative processes in the leafy tissues against the background of the action of elevated temperatures and the lack of precipitation. It has been established that in varieties Interprais and Orfey content of the proline increased during the summer in 1.7-2.9 times, indicating active participation in osmotic regulation. The content of abscise acid increased during the period of elevated temperatures and droughts in Florina, Orfey and Idared varieties in 1.21-2.08 times depending on the variety indicating the participation of this phytohormone in osmotic adjustment. The largest contribution of organic acids in osmotic regulation is marked at the Orfey and Prikubanskoe varieties. The smallest heat resistance defined by the leakage of electrolytes is marked at Florina, Idared and Ligol varieties. Based on the generalized data, apple tree varieties Interprais, Orfey and Prikbanskanskoe showed themselves more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020. The obtained results are of interest for using them in breeding purposes as a diagnostic indicators of the degree of resistance to the stress of the summer period.

Annotation

In recent years, obtaining stable high yields of apple trees is limited by the impact of unfavorable factors of the winter period, including those resulting from local climate change. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the adaptation stability of the apple tree to winter stress on physiological and biochemical parameters, allocate the most stable varieties for the cultivation in the conditions of the Krasnodar region. Objects of research were the varieties of apple trees of various ecologic-geographical origin: Orfey, Idadred, Ligol, Prikubanskoye. Comparative studies of these varieties in the parameters of the water regime, the content of water-soluble sugars, soluble proteins, anthocyanins during the winter periods of 2020-2022 were carried out. It was revealed that the studied varieties of an apple tree in the conditions of an unstable climate of the South of Russia implement a similar mechanism for the formation of winter hardiness, which has quantitative differences in the content of some metabolites in the pre-winter and winter periods. It has been established that the cryoprotective function of water-soluble sugars has manifested as much as possible in the varieties Orfey and Ligol, their content increased by 2.57 and 2.69 times, respectively. Soluble proteins have made the greatest contribution to the formation of a protective response in varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoye in January, their content increased by 1.78 and 1.92 times, respectively, compared to December. The protective function of the anthocyanians was maximally manifested in December in the Orfey variety, in the bark of which there was an increase in their content by 5.23 times. The physiological and biochemical adaptation of the apple trees to the low temperatures of the winter period is achieved by increasing the fraction of the bound water in the total water content, increase the content of water-soluble sugars, proteins and anthocyanins in the bark and buds. According to the obtained data, the apple tree varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the pre-winter and winter periods and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

The problem of grape�s adaptive stability in unstable climatic conditions in the important region of grape cultivation - the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, is relevant. The purpose of this work is to conduct comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin on the dynamics of the content of starch and water-soluble sugars in the conditions of the autumn-winter period, to identify winterhard varieties according to this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Adaptive rearrangements of carbohydrate metabolism arising in response to unstable climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period of 2020-2021 are revealed. It was found that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, the accumulation of starch played an important role in the adaptation processes during overwintering, its content decreased by 10, 38, 9.63 and 8.75 times, respectively. It is shown that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Aligote, water-soluble sugars played an important role in resistance to winter stress conditions, the content of which in the buds increased by 1.2-1.5 times after low-temperature exposure. An important role of the osmoprotector of sucrose in the formation of a protective response in varieties Dostoynyi and Vostorg was revealed, the content of which in the buds and shoots increased by 4.8-6.3 times after the action of low temperatures. According to the results of studies of the content of starch and soluble sugars, it was revealed that Dostoynyi variety has the greatest potential for resistance to winter stresses; Vostorg variety stood out as the most adaptive in terms of the content of water-soluble sugars, including sucrose.

Annotation

In 2022-2023, in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (OOO �Abrau-Durso�, Novorossiysk), an agrobiological study of the effectiveness of using foliar top dressing of grapes with aqueous solutions of the BioconcentrateZ effluent was carried out using field experience. A new, environmentally friendly, safe organic fertilizer was obtained using a biotechnological method of metangeneration with the participation of anaerobic bacteria by-products of animal husbandry, as well as compost mixtures based on them with plant biomass. In accordance with the characteristics of the composition of the drug, "Bioconcentrate-Z" consists mainly of humic and fulvic acids. The fertilizer also contains a complex of macro- and microelements, phytohormones (in micro quantities), growth regulators, strains of living rhizospheric soil microorganisms, amino acids. The drug is non-toxic, does not contain heavy metals, meets the requirements of GOST 33380-2015 "Organic fertilizers. The effluent. Technical conditions", is intended for use in the system of organic and biologized agriculture based on international standards of organic agriculture. As a result of studying the effectiveness of foliar treatment of grape plants with the "Bioconcentrate Z" effluent, the prospects of using the method of increasing plant stability and productivity against the background of the negative influence of abiotic factors according to the criteria were revealed: assimilation and metabolic activity of plants, economic productivity, dynamics of accumulation of dry substances by berries, commercial quality of the yield. Against the background of the use of the drug, in comparison with the control variant (without treatments), a higher assimilation activity of leaves during the summer period of photosynthesis depression, an increase in the content of organic acids, phenolic compounds, f ree amino acids, including the osmoprotector proline, was established. The increase in yield in 2022 and 2023 was obtained mainly due to an increase in the number of fruiting shoots per bush and the mass of the bunch due to its higher density.