Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The materials of the study of agrochemical and microbiological indicators of leached chernozem in the orchard agrocenosis and field crop rotation are presented. The peculiarities of the distribution of the main elements of plant nutrition and organic matter by layers in the upper part of the soil profile, depending on the type of cultivated crop, are revealed. As a result of the evaluation of the main groups of microorganisms of leached chernozems, 830 strains of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic micromycetes were identified, among which Aspergillus spp. and Penicilium spp. predominate. The number of micromycetes in the studied areas differs slightly, however, in the upper layer (0-10 cm) of soils under the garden cenosis there is a sharp increase in them. It has been established that in the soils of the orchard cenosis there is a fivefold decrease in the number of bacteria in comparison with soils in the conditions of field crop rotation. The number of bacteria gradually decreases with depth. Correlations of the total number of fungi strains and colony-forming units of bacteria on the content of organic matter, nutrition elements, the total amount of salts and the reaction of the soil environment have been established. A close correlation between micromycetes and bacteria (r = 0.99), humus (r = 0.95), mobile potassium (r = 0.93) and pH (r = 0.89) was revealed in the soils of orchard cenosis. There are no close correlations in the field crop rotation. Data on the ratio of bacteria and micromycetes indicate a higher suppressiveness of soils in the conditions of field crop rotation and the depletion of the microbial pool of soils of orchard cenoses. This indicates the development of the process of soil fatigue and a decrease in the resistance of leached chernozems to phytopathogens during prolonged cultivation of an apple orchard in a monoculture.

Annotation

The biological activity of the soil is formed mainly due to the microbiota living in it. In this regard, when creating agricultural technologies, the properties of microorganisms are widely used to increase the biological activity of the soil and reproduce soil fertility. Harmoniously functioning soil largely determines the nutritional properties of the agricultural products produced on it, which takes the corresponding technologies from the category of regenerative to health-saving technologies. Considering that soil microorganisms play an important role in the transformation of substances in the soil, the influence of the bio-organo-mineral complex AKM on the intensity of substrate-induced soil respiration in the near-root zone of trees was evaluated to assess the degree of bioactivity. A positive effect of AKM on the growth of chlorophyll content in apple tree leaves has been established. The beginning of the increase is observed 33 days after the application of fertilizer and in subsequent periods this trend continues. The obtained results confirm the existence of a relationship between chlorophyll concentration in leaves and productivity. Based on the data of the experiment, we can conclude that the bio-organo-mineral complex AKM is a means of soil bioactivation. This is expressed in an increase in soil respiration during the growing season by 8.8-45.5 %. The magnesium contained in the complex provides an increase in suction power due to an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll (4.8-36.5 %) and the intensity of photosynthesis, which ultimately leads to an increase in the availability of mineral nutrients associated with fruit trees. As a result of the action of A�M, fruit yield capacity increases by 14.3 %, and their quality also increases. The importance of using magnesium fertilizers, in particular AKM, is associated not only with the ability to increase crop yields, but also with the ability to produce physiologically more valuable products in terms of nutrient content, which can be used in health conservation programs for the prevention, including endemic diseases of the population.