Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Management of soil fertility
A large number of technological methods for soil caring and plant causes the development of soil degradation processes and leads to the destruction of its natural structure and the destruction of plant cover. The soil, which is not protected by plant cover, is exposed to the destructive effect of the kinetic energy of rain drops and is scattered to the sides. As a result, the soil, which is not protected by plant cover, has a low content of humus and low water resistance, and even with a small degree of slope, this soil is subject to severe water erosion. The aim of the study is to develop the methodological approaches to the creation of ampelocenosis soil systems to prevent their degradation. The expeditionary, stationary field and laboratory methods of study were used. The following factors were taken into account: the intensity of soil cultivation, the steepness of the slope, the criterion of water resistance, and the percentage content of humus. It has been established that the factor of intensity of soil cultivation has the largest influence in the degree of development of water erosion, the second place is provided by the availability of humus, the third place in the steepness, the criterion of water resistance has an insignificant share of influence. The main factor in the development of methodological approaches to the creation of amphelocenosis soil systems is the maintenance of a deficit-free inflow of organic matter into the soil-forming process. It is shown that the main task in industrial viticulture should be to ensure a positive balance of organic matter in the ampelocenosis and its involvement in a small circulation of nutrients. In the course of the study of the processes of the onset and development of soil degradation on sites that have been used for a long time under the grape culture, the main methodological approaches to the systems for maintaining the soils of vineyards were formulated.
In the fruit plantations cultivated on intensive technologies, in order to obtain the objective data on the supply of soils with food elements, it is necessary to use the improved methodological approaches to assess the parameters of soil fertility and the application of original method for selecting the soil samples for following analytic research. The purpose of our research is to find the patterns of changes in the parameters of soil fertility of industrial apple plantations cultivated with regular local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume irrigation. As a result of soil-agrochemical study of fruit plantings on alluvial-meadow soils, a significant change in the parameters of soil fertility was established in case of local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume soil moisture. It is shown when fertigation in the places of local fertilizing the movable phosphorus content in the 0-30 cm layer of apple garden soil increased in 98,3-251,1 mg / kg soil, and exchangeable potassium in 66-421 mg / kg soil; as compared with the areas outside the area of mineral fertilizers localization. The changes found in the levels of soil provision with nutrients should be taken into account when planning the fertilizers system in the perennial plantations cultivated on intensive technologies. The result of research show that the long-term use of drip irrigation in the industrial apple orchards has led to the accumulation of soluble salts (especially sodium ions), to alkalization and qualitative change in the content of exchangeable cations in the soil-absorbing complex in the areas of local soil moisture. To reduce the negative impact of irrigation on the soil properties, it is expedience to use the physiologically acidic fertilizers during irrigation of apple garden, and also to carry out the periodic neutralization of irrigation water by acid.
Grapes, and then the wine, is a product of the area, and to a higher extent the obtaining the high yields and quality of wine, as well as the formation of individual properties of wine production depends on the complex of numerous factors of the environment of the grapes growth. A grapes can grow on almost all types of soils, except the highly saline and waterlogged soils. In the study of many authors the influence of different types of soils and their properties the growth of a grape plant, the quality of berries and products of their processing is indicated. The article gives a comparative description of two types of soils according to morphological and agrochemical indicators. As a result of study carried out it was established that the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of the studied soils contribute to the favorable growth and development of the grape plant. According to the content of nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, the sod-carbonate soil is the most provided, while the content of organic matter is more in black chernozem. The grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon, grown on chernozem ordinary is a higher yielding (100.6 c / ha), compared to sod-carbonate soil. However, the grapes grown on soddy-carbonate soil had the higher rates of sugar accumulation and a lower level of acidity in the juice of berries. Also the date are given in the article on the growth, development and fruit bearing of the grape plant on the studied soils and the influence of the soil component the wine quality. A tasting evaluation of the wine materials examined showed that the most balanced organoleptic characteristics was a sample of young wine obtained from a plot of sod-carbonate soil. The highest content of phenolic substances and the largest mass concentration of anthocyanins are also noted in the sample obtained from sod-carbonate soil.