Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Management of soil fertility
The feasibility of new agricultural practices of ecologized grapes growing with use of green fertilizers and effective microorganisms is justified. The positive results of their influence on the soil purification from toxic impurities and the vineyards productivity and grapes quality on safety indexes are shown.
The water erosion annually causes a big losses to farmlands throughout the world. An erosion control of soils is one of the major national problem in the system of the measures directed on preservation and transformation of a landscape. The main factors of erosion development are: climatic, topographical, geological, soil, biological and the level of human economic activity. Soil erosion at the vineyards is one of priority problems in the modern wine growing. The purpose of the research conducted by us is to study the development of a water soil erosion in the vineyards. The object of our research is the vineyard soils affected by water erosion. The methods of research using in a work: the route and field inspections, the laboratory study of water and physical properties of the soil. The description of the major factors causing the development of water soil erosion in the vineyards is given in this article. It is noted that soils of easy structure with low content of organic substance are more exposed to a water erosion. It is also established that the water erosion can be manifestated on slopes, from 1. The negative influence of system of soil maintenance of vineyards as black steam is shown and scientifically based. The ways of decrease in the mechanical soil load and the prevention of development of soil degradation processes in the vineyards are offered. It is indicated that the laying of vineyards needs research for assessment of soil potential of plots; it is necessary to plan of a plot to neutralize the microheights and low places that will prevent the further development of a water erosion. The most effective method of control of a soil erosion is use of a grass cover that almost completely prevents the development of erosion processes.
Under the conditions of the Tambov and the Lipetsk areas the influence of fertigation on apple-tree productivity and distribution of available phosphorus in the soil are investigated. The features of migration of available phosphorus in the apple-tree plantings of different varieties on soil layers of 0-20, 21-40, 41-60 and 61-80 cm are established: directly under a dropper, between the droppers in a row and at distance of 30 and 60 cm towards the center of a row-spacing. It is shown that a drop irrigation affects on the distribution of available phosphorus on the soil layers. Phosphorus is washed away from the upper horizons, especially under a dropper, and it distributes on all depth of root layer. It makes phosphorus more available for apple-tree plants. It is established that the fertigation provided the higher level of the content of available phosphorus in the soil, than in control, and also other distribution of it on layers of soil that promoted the increase of plants productivity. Under the conditions of fertigation the horizontal migration of phosphorus on distance of 30-60 cm as in the direction of a row, and so in direction of row-spacings, and the descending migration of phosphorus in the layers of 41-60 and 61-80 cm is noted. The content of phosphorus in these soil layers was much higher, than in the control. It is noted that in the plantings with a high density of landing the regime of plants nutrition is optimized and so the productivity of apple trees increases. In our experiences the increasing productivity at the intensive apple-tree of Imrus PB-9 was about 60 % and - 77-98% for Lobo variety, and 24-46% for Spartan apple-tree.
The results of agrical and chemical monitoring of the sod-carbonate soil under the fructifying grapes orchards of Merlot in the conditions of the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. During the period from 2009 to 2015 in the soil at a depth up to 120 cm (through each 30 cm) it is studied the dynamics and parameters of maintenance of mobile forms of macro and micro minerals and harmful salts (chlorides and sulfates) and the range of values are analyzed. The relevance of the research is caused by of development of the effective differentiated, resource-saving, ecologically safe system of use of vineyards fertilizers, and also by need of identification of the factors which are limiting the stability of ampelocenoses and negatively influencing the quality indicators of a harvest. The quantitative results of monitoring in interrelation with dynamics of efficiency of grapes productivity give an idea about regularities of plants behavior in the concrete soil climatic conditions and allow us to create the theoretical designs of productional process. The considerable variation of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also the low content of nitrogen and the increased content of manganese are established. The amount of chlorides in the soil didn't exceed the admissible values. The soil plots with excess of average content of sulfates in the soil are revealed. The carried out agric and biological measuring has allowed to define the influence of agric and chemical indicators of the experimental plot activity of productional processes of grapes plants. The number of shoots per one bush on experimental plants in average during observation period was 21-26, the number of fruitful shoots per 1 bush 16-23, the number of inflorescences was 27-31. The coefficient of fructification (K1) at the same time was 0,76-0,91, and coefficient of fruitfulness (K2) was 1,08-1,29.
The problems of soil degradation, especially their salinization, are one of the main research objects in the world. In the Krasnodar Territory, the problem of soil salinization is particularly relevant in the vineyards of the Taman Peninsula. To develop the measures to combat a soil degradation, including salinity, it is necessary to identify the sources of their salinity. The aim of this research is to identify the sources of soil salinization in the vineyards of the South of Taman for further development of measures to combat their degradation. The research area is represented by an inclined marine stratum plain with a thin cover at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain, composed of salt deposits. It is revealed that the salts migrate from the slopes of the mountain with surface and intrasoil waters, and they are a source of salinization of the underlying territories occupied by grapes plantations. The results of the study show that these processes are most intensively manifested in the bottoms of troughs and gullies originating at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain. In the upper part of the inclined marine stratum plains, the saline soil differences were noted not only in the bottom of the trough, but also on the adjacent plots of an even slope of 5-8 m wide on each side. The expansion of the wetting area towards the flat part of the studied area leads to an increase in the area of waterlogged and to a varying degree of saline soils. There is a progressive growth of degradation processes in the soils that lead to oppression and premature death of grapes plants. To develop the ways to prevent soil degradation under vine plantations, additional research is needed on the dependence of grapes' productivity on the depth of saline soil, chemical and salinity degree.