Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Management of soil fertility
In modern wine-making, a concentrated grapes must, including rectified must, is widely used to provide the necessary conditions for the content of sugars in the production of semi-dry and semi-sweet table wines. This product is also allowed to use at the wort stage to increase the alcohol content of wines, in the case of unfavorable weather conditions, when the mass concentration of sugars in the grapes is not sufficient. However, often instead of grapes concentrated must the surrogates or falsifications are introduced in the market, the use of which is forbidden for the wine production. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information presented in various documents and literature on the quality indicators of grapes concentrated wort and methods for their control. The Institute "Magarach" is working on the study of the grapes must concentrated to search and justify the indicators, used for identification of its origin. It is shown that the share of such indicators as the proportion of tartaric and citric acids in the total amount of acids, and the content of sucrose in the total amount of sugars, and the ratio of glucose / fructose content differ in the samples of grapes and non-grapes origin. The normative documents of Russia, and the European Union and the International Organization of grapes and wines devoted to methods for assessing the quality and authenticity of grapes juices and concentrated worts are analyzed. The additional indicators for control of grapes origin and quality of concentrated grapes must are selected as the profile of organic acids and sugars, pH, electrical conductivity; content of sorbic and benzoic acids and their salts, hydroxymethylfurfural.
The search for a rational way to ensure of long-term colloid stability of wines is one of the urgent tasks of modern wine-making. A complex of biopolymers plays a key role in the formation of colloidal dimness. To ensure the guaranteed stability of the wines against colloidal dimness, it is necessary to destroy these complexes to low-molecular substances, which can not cause the turbidity. For this aim the wine-making enterprises use the enzyme preparations imported from European countries, but the recommendations for their use do not always correspond to the specifics of Russian grapes and wine. The aim of this work is to study the new enzyme preparations for evaluating their hydrolytic ability against biopolymers of grapes wines. The article shows the effect of new enzyme preparations on the composition and quantity of biopolymers in white (Shardone) and red (Cabernet-Sauvignon) table wines. In the experiments, the enzyme preparations with complex activity were used. It was shown the high hydrolytic activity of the preparations towards to biopolymers of wort and wine. The research carried out on white and red table wine materials, prone to colloquial dimness, confirmed the effectiveness of new preparations in comparison with the known ones. The dosage of the preparations studied was 1.2-1.4 times lower than that of the known analogues. New information has been obtained on the deep hydrolysis of complexes of wine biopolymers, including protein-polyphenol-polysugar complexes, to low-molecular compounds amino acids, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. It has been established that the new enzyme preparations hydrolyze the colloids of the wine-materials in different ways, so the resistance of the wine against colloidal dimness is not the same. The best results were obtained when processing the Chardonnay variety with enzymatic preparations of the UVAZIM series, and the processing the Cabernet-Sauvignon with Lalzaim IEX-VI and Uvazim Extra.
The soil factor, according to option of many leading native and foreign scientists, is of great importance for a grapes plant, and its influence is shown not only in harvest size, but substantially determines the quality of fresh grapes and products of its conversion, first of all wines. Analyzing the soil maps of the Krasnodar Region, it was noted that often the industrial orchards of vineyards of heterogeneous structure, and a small area can be several different soils, causing a various grapes growing conditions. In this connection, there was a need to study the impact of the specific soil conditions in the grapes plant, harvest and quality of wines. We have carried out a study of Merlot grapes in different soil types, located within the same area of vineyards, with the same agro-technical background and management system. It was found that an increasing in number of shoots and inflorescences, increases in the yield on brown forest soils and more intense growth processes of the Merlot grapes are formed. On black soil the grapes plant increase in plenty of bunches, the fruiting rates and fruitfulness, the sugar content and the acidity of berries is reduced. The research shows that ordinary black soil provides the higher quality of grapes and dry table wine material by increasing in the volume fraction of the ethanol and content of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins. The carried out research results are of scientific interest for predicting of grapes and wine quality under the different soil conditions.
The paper presents the results of scientific research on the properties of chernozem southern (chestnut) and sod-carbonate soils. A literary analysis of the history of these soils study and information on the geological structure are carried out. A morphological description of the chernozem soil profile of the southern carbonate super-heavy and heavy loam formed on loess-like loams along genetic horizons is given. In the course of the research work, it has been established that the predominant feature of the southern chernozem is the thickness of the humus layer, which is 120 cm. It allows to accumulate the water in the winter period and to keep a sufficient amount of available moisture in the summer months, which contributes to the formation of high yields of grapes even in the arid years. Low percentage of humus, with its significant reserves, in conjunction with the looseness of the soil, creates the optimal conditions for growth, and development of the grapes plant and high yields obtaining. A distinctive feature of sod-carbonate soils is the presence in the soil profile of rock fragments (stony and skeletal soil). Skeletal properties of the described soils vary from 15 % to 40 %. The skeleton affects the soil properties, both positively and negatively. The positive effect is as follows: a small skeleton in the heavy soils makes them more friable and improves the water and air permeability, increases in the coefficient of thermal conductivity. When the skeleton is destroyed, the soil is replenished with elements of the plant mineral nutrition: potassium, trace elements, etc. The negative effect is that the stones reduce the useful volume of the soil and the field moisture capacity and exert a mechanical obstacle in the treatment of the soil. The destruction of marl rocks leads to a sharp increase in the content of active forms of carbonates.
The presence in the soil of aggressive chemicals, under the conditions of a permanent anthropogenic factor, reduces the activity of microbiological activity and biochemical processes. The ability of pesticides to bioaccumulate activates the processes of soil degradation and pesticide's migration in the ecosystem of soil-plant-grapes. The structure change of the upper fertile soil layer, the aggressiveness of toxic chemicals in relation to microbes increases in its degradation. The purpose of this work is to study the mechanisms of biotransformation of the degraded ampelocenoses soil. The objects of research are the industrial grape orchards of the technical grape variety of Cabernet-Sauvignon, the vineyard's soil, the grapes, toxic residues, biofertilizer and the agric ways of the soil matenance in the vineyards. The technogenic load was estimated according to the pollution degree of the ampelocenoses ecosystem (soil-grapes) by toxic elements. The determination of toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted procedures using chromatographs: gas "Color 500 M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The biochemical composition of the grape must was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis using "Kapel-104T" and "Kapel-105". The degree of microbiological efficiency and decomposition of biomass of bio-fertilizer + EM-1 + mezga was determined taking into account to the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil of experimental plots after one-year application of pulp with organic fertilizer. In the process of research, the mechanisms of biotransformation are established, due to soil enrichment with complex biofertilizer, which activates the processes of formation and functioning of soil biocenosis, ensuring the decay of persistent toxic chemicals. The number of actinomycetes increased by 3.0 % and bacteria by 15.5 %, the concentration of toxicants in the soil decreased by 35 % (spring) and by 57 % (autumn). The content of nutrients (organic acids) in the grapes increased from 7 % to 17 %.