Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Management of soil fertility
The paper presents the results of a study of the biofunctional state of agrogenically altered soils of two phytocenoses: naturally-like (cypress plantations) and agrocenosis (peach orchard). The relevance of the systemic biomonitoring of soils for various agricultural use is made. The main goal of the work was determined to assess the state of brown forest soils of various phytocenoses according to a set of indicators in order to understand their informative value and the relationship between them. The experimental plots were located on brown forest soils in the humid subtropical climate of the Black Sea coast. The number of representatives of three morphological groups of saprotrophic microbocenosis was analyzed along the horizons of the soil profile. The soil for research was selected in the winter, to study the biological activity of soils, the spring period was chosen. The analysis of the number of microorganisms and indicators of the ecophysiological state was carried out in relation to the agrochemical parameters of soils and weather conditions. The physiological group of saprotrophic bacteria predominated in the structure of the microbial community, the number of actinomycetes and micromycetes was lower. The arable layer under the peach orchard was characterized by lower values of the number of micromycetes in comparison with the conventional background (cypress plantations). At the same time, the indicators reflecting the potential functional activity of microbial cenosis were higher in the soils of the peach agrocenosis in comparison with cypress plantations, which demonstrated the balance of the composition of the functionally active populations of this microbial community. In general, the studied complex of indicators of the biofunctional state of soils demonstrates their information content and interrelation, which allows us to consider them as indicators of the ecological state of soils for agricultural use.
Conceptual basis of integrated management strategies of soil fertility parameters under monoculture gardens is based on data from agrochemical and biological monitoring, information comparative analysis and decision-making to prevent acceleration of the nutrient cycle, loss of humus, enhancement of the soil fatigue processes, biodiversity loss, etc. The article contains materials that characterize the levels of the major agrochemical indicators of two types of garden soil, the abundance of major groups of the saprotrophic microbial complex of the soil agricultural horizon, the results of a study of the colonies ammonification bacteria morphology, the dominance specific of different kinds of micromycetes genera, computations of variability in the abundance of morpho-physiological groups of soil microbial complex. The experimental material was obtained in field experiments of two agro-climatic zones of the Krasnodar region: subtropical and central. The object of the study was samples of agrogenically altered brown forest soils and structural-metamorphic agrozem (leached chernozem), which were different in terms of anthropogenic load: perennial and "young" soil deposit, the soil under the garden monoculture. According to the results of analyses, the soils of two agroclimatic zones with a range of pH values from faintly acidic to neutral were generally characterized by comparable values of the abundance of microorganisms groups. A lower content of prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and actinomycetes) in chernozem was found in comparison with brown forest soils. The study of the morphology of ammonifying bacteria colonies showed a difference in the species composition of the bacteriocenosis of the studied types of garden soils. The dominance of bacteria colonies of smaller forms in brown forest soils, and large forms in chernozem, with a wrinkled and folded surface, was revealed. It was found that representatives of the genus Mucor developed abundantly in the leached chernozem in areas with different anthropogenic loads (in the "young" soil deposit and the soil under the horticultural garden). In addition, fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia were dominated and, probably, it was caused due to soil fatigue, and it requires further study.
The search for special agricultural methods for preserving biodiversity and increasing the effective fertility of chernozem soils in the conditions of monoculture of the orchard is relevant. The development of problem solving biotechnological methods is based on the study of the dynamics of the pattern of changes in soil fertility factors when using show-release biomineral fertilizers. The article presents the results of agrochemical monitoring of leached chernozem in the orchard in connection with the application of biomodified organomineral fertilizer. The main aim of the research was to study the aftereffect f biomineral fertilizer on the soil and the generative function of the apple trees varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy (Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making" breeding) on the rootstock SK4. It was found that the use of fertilizers did not contribute to an increase in the actual soil acidity. There were also no significant differences between the variants "control, without fertilizers" and "application of organomineral fertilizer" in terms of total soil acidity. Against the background of the application of organomineral fertilizer, the content of exchangeable calcium increased to values of 26.8-30.1 mmol/100 g, which, presumably, created favorable conditions for the development of aerobic microorganisms and the absorption of the element by the apple tree roots. A higher activity of the biological process of nitrogen mineralization was revealed against the background of the introduction of organomineral fertilizer enriched in the culture of rhizosphere bacteria. The new conditions formed in the soil contributed to the strengthening of the nitrification activity of the soil. Under conditions of intensive monoculture, the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil decreased six years after the experiment establishment. Higher limits of the phosphorus content are defined in the variant with the application of fertilizers. For leached chernozem under monoculture conditions without fertilization, a tendency to the destruction of humic substances was revealed mainly in the soil layer of 0-20 cm. Against the background of the use of organomineral fertilizer, the humus level in the soil layer of 0-20 cm in a year and six after the experiment establishment is higher than in the control variant by 12.6 and 38.7%, respectively, which is probably related to the content of humic compounds in the fertilizer. The changes in the dynamics of soil and agrochemical indicators against the background of the introduction of show-release biomodified organomineral fertilizer correlated with a higher level of apple trees yield of the Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy varieties in comparison with the control variant.
The planting of basic mother grape plantations is usually carried out on sandy massifs, which have a number of specific properties, both positive and negative. One of these properties is the heterogeneity of the soil cover. First of all, this is due to the fact that sands are subject to deflation to a greater extent than fixed soils. The soil horizon can be partially or completely destroyed, carried by the wind and deposited on top of other soils. Thus, a new soil cover is formed, but with other factors of soil formation. In this regard, when transferring healthy seedlings to the open ground, plants often die. To avoid this, the laying of elite mother plantations on the lands of sandy massifs must be carried out taking into account the characteristics of these lands, including taking into account soil heterogeneity. The soil cover was typified on the Nizhnekundryuchensk basic mother grape plantations, as a result of which all the diversity of soil conditions was reduced to 5 types (microzones). The purpose of our study is to determine the influence of soil and ground conditions on the growth and development of grape plants, as well as to substantiate the feasibility of using fertilizers. Observations were carried out from 2004 to 2022 on 5 grape varieties from different ecological and geographical groups. As a result, it was found that the development of basic plants strongly depends on the type of soil conditions, while the dynamics of bush preservation indicators after several years of growth was noted. At the first and second types, plant development was the best, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the harvested vine parameters were optimal. The use of fertilizers on the third type of soil and ground conditions allows to obtain a vine in quality not inferior to the vine obtained from the first type of conditions.
The development of horticulture requires the maximum realization of the biological potential of productivity by plants. The cultivation of perennial crops on high-carbonate soils in the south of Russia and, in particular, the Crimea, limits the increase in productivity by the weak availability of macro- and microelements contained in the soil. Domestic horticultural science has moved in the direction of the selection of carbonate-resistant rootstocks and the application of plant topdressing. Abroad, on similar soils, at the same time, the possibility of reducing carbonate content by using sulfur-containing ameliorants is being studied. This direction has been little studied in our country and requires detailed consideration in model or production conditions. The field trial of studying the effect of chemical sulfur-containing ameliorant in preparing the soil for laying the orchard was carried out in the period from 2014 to 2020. At the same time, not only granulated sulfur was used as options, but also as an event generally accepted in the region the introduction of large doses of phosphogypsum. Also, as a measure for a faster transition of sulfur to the active state, one of the options was with sowing mustard in the rows of the orchard for subsequent grinding and embedding in the soil. Due to the introduction of granular sulfur for plantage treatment, a decrease in soil carbonate was achieved. At the same time, the application of phosphogypsum had no effect on the reaction of the soil solution. The use of phosphogypsum as a chemical ameliorant positively affected the productivity of perennial plantings by 35%, however, it is possible to achieve an increase in yield capacity through the application of sulfur followed by sowing mustard in row spacing (the increase in the first yield compared to the control is 105 %).