Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The analysis of research on selection of the best varicties for pear pollination is presented. Cross-pollination study between varuties has shown existence of selectivity of varieties fertilisation. Pollination of the same variety by pollen of various varieties results in different outcomes. The best varieties for pollination of different kinds of pear are revealed.
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
It is established that in the territory of Krasnodar region share of gardens, located on the best land, is small (only 12,2% of the area of all orchards). Other orchards are located on the lands, where there are certain limitations for the cultivation of fruit cultures, which causes the need of conducting the additional costs to overcome the environmental non-optimality of land territory for horticulture
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
Summing up the results of years of research, a technology of walnut cultivation in the Northern Caucasus is presented. The main elements of the system are: optimization of plants espacement depending on gones of cultivation, proper varieties selection, krone formation, phytosanitary measures and other technological elements.
The relevance of branches chopping for mulch in the inter row-spacings of orchards after pruning is shown. The basic con-structive standard sizes of mowers-grinders are analysed, methodology and ef-ficiency of their application are given.
Construction of plantings, forming of crown
Results of research in regulation of light exposure of krone and transformation of growth shoots in fruit formations in the low growing apple-trees with density of placing 2000 pieces/hectare and more are presented. In most varieties of apple-trees summer pruning decreases vegetative growth and improves the conditions of formation and development of fruit formations. Balanced training of krone stabilizes fructification.
Comparative study of sweet cherry trees training systems was conducted. Training of trees according to system Spanish bush lowered the intensity of growth twofold and accelerated the beginning trees fructification by three years.
Results of research on formation of various types of krones of sweet cherry on clonal stock VSL-2 in the irrigation conditions of the Rostov region are presented and preliminarily promising krone types are allocated.
It has been established that in the conditions of the foothills in the region of western ap-proaches of the Caucasus in the plantations with their rows oriented to the westwards of the east and with flattening of the rounded tree crowns made for the trees in the trans-verse row direction the content of dry soluble substances, saccharins, ascorbic acid, anthocyans in the peel is increased in the fruits from Idared variety appletrees.
Mineral nutrition of plants
The analysis of the chemical composition of the apple-tree fruits depending on the level of root nourishment in the intensive plant-ings, on the basis of the results of agrochemical research in the course of experiments with fertilizer of fruit crops is carried out. The equations of dependence between the content of mineral elements in the apple-tree fruit and the content of total forms of elements in the leaves in connection with the level of a root nourish-ment are received.
Management of soil fertility
The result of research on working out of methods of soil fertility control in the fruit cenosis are presented. It is shown, that phytomelioration method, leading to accumulation of organic substance in the soil, has influence not only on the soil feed regime, but increase its biological activity.
Manage of water regime
Use of drip irrigation or fertigation in apple-tree plantations contributed to the decline of fruit shattering, an increase of their average weight and getting in some years of surplus up to 26-50 % compared to the naturally growing plants. However, to overcome the periodicity of fructification of apple-trees was not possible. In the summer conditions in the south of Russia drip irrigation did not affect the change in temperature and humidity of the ground layer of the air and, accordingly, did not contribute to the generative bud setting.
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Results of research on the application of the method of cartograms for working out of adequate measures for restriction of virus infection diffusion, for allocation of the most important ways of viruses diffusion and an assessment of their basic characteristics (speed and diffusion degree, localization, transmitting agents, etc.) are given.
Economy of fruit growing and viticulture
The necessity of optimizing the parameters of technology and economic efficiency of production is substantiated. A methodological tools for the formation of a rational structure of fruit plantations is developed. The evaluation of efficacy of structural and parametric optimization of reproduction processes is given.