Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Quality improvement and improvement of organoleptic characteristics of cognac in its production is achieved mainly due to the extraction of oak wood components, their transformation to aromatic aldehydes and tannins and their accumulation in the mature cognac distillate in optimal concentrations. The method of preparation of oak wood is an important technological technique that has a great impact the quality of cognac. When processing the wood, the dissolution of some of the components of the cell walls occurs, which leads to an increase in the volume of cell cavities, and, as a consequence, to an increase in porosity. Increased porosity and increased permeability of the cell wall of wood fibers provides a more complete extraction of lignin, tannins and aromatic aldehydes by distillate in the mature process of cognac distillation. At the same time, respectively, the mechanical properties of wood are changed. The article presents the results of studies of changes in the adsorption capacity (porosity) of oak wood using the different ways of its activation: acid, alkaline, thermal and biochemical activation. It is established that alkaline treatment leads to the strongest changes in the structure of oak wood, by increasing the adsorption capacity (porosity) by 4,7-5,6 times. In the process of heat treatment of oak wood the value of adsorption on its surface increases in 4,4 times, and at biochemical treatment � in 2,4-3,7 times in comparison with untreated wood. Acid treatment of oak wood was characterized by the lowest adsorption value among all the considered ways of treatments, increasing in the adsorption value by only 2,2-3 times.

Annotation

The effects of climate change and their impact on agriculture, including viticulture, have became an actual problem. Typical for Russian viticulture are low-temperature stresses in a winter, excessively high temperatures and an acute deficit of precipitation in summer. The studies were carried out on the Anapa (Anapa) and the Don (Novocherkassk) ampelographic collections, 350 km apart. In the Anapa region, a change in air temperature is accompanied by a change in the beginning of the grape vegetation phases at a later date. In the varieties of the Western European ecological-geographical group, there was a reduction in the period from bud break up to the beginning of flowering: in technical varieties for � 9 days, and in the table varieties � for 2 days. The period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of berries was shorten for 3 days for technical varieties and for 6 days for table ones. A similar trend is for technical varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group. A tendency to reduce the period from bud break to the beginning of grape ripening for a period of 5 to 26 days has been found for varieties of Western European and Eastern groups as well as for group of the Black Sea coast. In the �Don� area, the beginning of bud blooming has not changed in only 2 varieties (Muscadel, Plavai), in other varieties it occurs 1-4 days earlier. The beginning of flowering did not change for Galan variety, but for Aligote variety it became 2 days later, in all other studied varieties this process began earlier up to 7 days. The duration of the period from the beginning of bud blooming to flowering in 3 varieties did not change, in 6 varieties increased in 1-3 days, for the other 14 varieties � decreased in 1-5 days.

Annotation

In the article is considered the issue of criteria-based assessment of the suitability of the agricultural territories for grape culture. Conducting zoning of the territory for the purpose of rational environmental management requires an objective and comprehensive assessment of the state of agricultural territories. The complexity and novelty of it lies in the weak development of the scientific and conceptual base of the agroecology of ampelocenoses and the lack of practical experience in different natural and territorial conditions. Since there is no single integral indicator for assessing the agricultural territory in nature, the evaluation criteria are a number of bioindication, spatial and dynamic indicators, and the integral assessment is carried out on the basis of a certain number of the most influential indicators. It is known that the fundamental criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is the compliance of edaphoclimatic factors with the requirements of the biological characteristics of cultivated varieties. Another criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is based on the principle of the limiting factor, based on the Laws of the Liebig minimum and the Shelford ecological optimum (tolerance). The criteria limiting the development of grapes on the territory of the Krasnodar region are established, their parameters are determined. Maps of the distribution of heat supply and absolute minimum temperature are compiled, on the basis of which, taking into account soil characteristics, agricultural territories with relatively homogeneous parameters (47 subzones) are identified. The placement of grape varieties taking into account the criteria and parameters of the selected subzones can give such expected effects as increasing the efficiency of the use of edaphoclimatic resources in the production process of grapes; increasing the productivity of plantings; improving product quality; extending the productive life of plantings; reducing the cost of viticulture products; increasing the competitiveness of domestic viticulture.

Annotation

The norm of the reaction of phenotypic signs � the number of bunches, the average mass of the bunch and the yield � of Riesling Rhenish grape variety to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the second subzone (Ch2) in the Krasnodar region. Soils are ordinary chernozems. The research covers the period from 2014 to 2020. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of the number of bunches was most strongly influenced by the average annual air temperature (r = -0.67) and by the average air temperature for the growing season (r = -0.65), by annual precipitation (r = 0.72) and by total precipitation for the growing season (r = 0.66). The average mass of a grape bunch depended most on the total precipitation during the growing season (r = 0.75). The grape yield correlates with the average annual and minimum air temperature in the medium (r = -0.55) and weak (r = -0.43) degrees. The lower Threshold of the modification variability of the number of grape bunches was equal to 42 pcs./bush, the average mass of the bunch was 78 g., the upper, respectively, was 61 pcs./bush and 131 g., the reaction norm was 19 pcs./bush and 53 g. The wide reaction Norm indicates the predominant influence of the environment compared to the genotype on the variability of phenotypic traits � the number of bunches and the average mass of the bunch. The lower threshold of the modification variability of the grape yield against the background of varying weather conditions was 4.3, the upper � 5.6 kg/bush. The reaction norm is 1.34 kg/bush. The narrow modification variability of the grape yield indicates its dependence on the genotype of the Riesling Rhenish grape variety.

Annotation

Growth processes reflect the dynamics of the leaf surface growth of the grape plant. They depend on the temperature and water conditions, as well as the variety specifics. The processes of growth of shoots and leaf plates of Riesling Rhenish grapes under the influence of different plantation scheme and the load of bushes with shoots are studied. It was found that the growth rate of grape shoots with an increase in the load from 40,000 to 70,000 shoots per hectare decreases and does not significantly differ with different scheme of plantation. The length of shoots is maximum for any plantation scheme with a load of 40,000 shoots per hectare and decreases when it increases. In 2019, there was a tendency to increase in the leaf surface area per hectare with increasing the load. With a landing scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 m and a load of 70,000 shoots/ha the leaf surface area per hectare was 1.2 times higher than that with a load of 40,000 shoots/ha, with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.5 m � by 2.2 times, and with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.0 � by 1.6 times. The productivity indicators of the leaf surface are calculated: the amount of crop per 1 m2 of leaf area; the area of leaves per 1 kg of crop and per 1 bunch. The trends of their changes depending on the load of bushes with shoots and the scheme of bushes planting are established. The studies have shown that under the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and increased biological stability of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were observed in plantations with a planting scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 and 3.0 x 1.5 m with a bushes load of 40 and 50 thousand shoots per hectare