Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Aleynikova Galina
Articles in journal: (total 18)
The study of grape growth processes is an urgent area of research in view of their close relationship with the productivity and quality of grapes. And the establishment of the influence of such an important agrotechnical parameter as planting density is a prerequisite for obtaining a consistently high and high-quality grape yield. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of planting density on growth processes, productivity and quality of grapes and wine from the Riesling Rhenish variety in unstable weather conditions in the south of Russia. As a result of the work, the growth processes of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were studied, the dependence of productivity and quality on planting density was established. It was found that in the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and biological stability of grape plants in plantings are observed at a planting density of 2222 pcs/ha (3.0 x 1.5 m). With the crowding of plantings, the length of one-year growth decreases by 7.3-28.9 cm and the leaf surface area of grape bushes also decreases. Thus, with an increase in density by 1.3 times from 1666 to 2222 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 1.4 times, and with an increase in density by 2 times from 1666 to 3333 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 2.5 times. High productivity of Riesling Rhenish grapes is achieved with a planting density of 2222 and 3333 bushes per hectare. At the same time, the quality indicators of grape berries are at a high level, the tasting score is 7.93-7.94 points.
Based on exhaustive research, it is proposed the methods for efficient stability control of ampelocenosis under the conditions of anthropogenic intensification of production, and weather anomalies. The studies were performed under the agroecological conditions of acute shortage of rainfall, and high solar insolation and air temperature of moderately continental climate of the South of Russia in the industrial plantations with the most wide-spread grape varieties using the modern field and laboratory methods. For sustainable viticulture in the Krasnodar Region 5 agro- ecological zones and 47 sub-areas are allocated using digital soil maps, maps of isotherms and isohyets. Each subzone is characterized by the uniformity of the site soil, temperature and rainfall and is the basis for the formation of the terroir and quality winemaking as well as for optimization of zonally oriented assortment and technologies. It is proposed the optimized scheme and the planting density of vines, their load by shoots using as a model the Rhine Riesling variety; regime of plant top dressing with minerals in combination with biologically active components, including saline soils. The biological and technology of reversibility of degradation changes in the ampelocenoses soil based on the energy biomaterial is grounded. The methods of stability control of own-rooted vineyards to the quarantine vermin phylloxera root using the physiologically active substances. The positive influence of the proposed methods for the efficient use of renewable natural resources (light, heat, water, food) in the vine production process is revealed. The increase in the level of implementation capacities of economic productivity and improving the quality of grapes and vine production is noted. The applying of the proposed methods i ncreased in production, agro-ecological and edaphic stability of ampelocenoses.
The article deals with the influence of treatment with enzyme preparations of petiolate oak wood on the content of phenolic aldehydes and acids in aged cognac distillates. The content of synaptic and coniferyl aldehydes and syringaldehyde; vanilli, gallic and syringic acids; and vanillin in cognac distillates aged for 6 months on oak staff from different growing areas (Absheron, Khadyzhensky and Maykop districts), subjected to enzymatic catalysis by various enzyme preparations, was determined. The influence of enzyme preparations, the time of exposure during processing and the place of growth of oak wood on the content of phenolic aldehydes, acids and the tasting evaluation of cognac distillates was established. It was experimentally established that the level of concentrations of phenolic aldehydes and acids is directly related to the duration of exposure of the enzyme preparation to the structural elements of oak wood. The maximum accumulation of the total concentration of phenolic aldehydes and acids in cognac distillates aged on Maikop and Khadyzhensk oak occurs when the wood is activated for 5 days with the preparations Glucosim L-400-C+, Trenolin Super DF, Fructocim MA and San Super 240L. At the same time, the level of tasting evaluation is 8.0-8.3 points. The maximum values of the tasting evaluation were in samples aged on oak staff of all types of oak during the activation for 3-4 days with the enzyme preparation Trenolin Super DF - from 8.4 to 8.5 points. As a result, using a multivariate analysis of variance, it was found that the tasting evaluation from the list of analyzed factors is influenced by the type of enzyme preparation (the amount of influence is 55.6 %) and the duration of oak staff processing (the amount of influence is 11.1 %). There was no correlation between the wood growing area and the tasting assessment.
Effective realization of the grapes biological potential is possible when it placing on the territory the most fully meets the requirements of the variety biology. Solving the problem of optimal territorial placement of grapes can not only increase the productivity of plantations, but also reduce energy consumption and the cost of production and improve its competitiveness. The optimal placement and zonal specialization of vines in local climate change is an urgent research area and the main condition for stable viticulture. We carried out the work for agroecological zoning of the Krasnodar Territory, taking into account the main natural factors that affect the development and growth of the grape plant. On the soil map of the Krasnodar Territory was allocated to 5 of the soil zones with one or more relatives zonal soil types. Digital isothermal maps of average annual, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as heat supply map (sum of active temperatures) and precipitation were compiled for zoning of the territory according to agro-climatic parameters. As a result of this work, an agroecological map of zoning of the Krasnodar Territory for the cultivation of grapes was created. 5 zones and 47 subzones for placement and effective cultivation of grapes are allocated, the ranges of soil and climatic parameters of each zone are established. The placement of grape plantations taking into account the results of the territory zoning can improve the efficiency of use of soil and climatic resources in the production grape process; to increase the productivity of plantings; to improve the quality of production; to prolong the productive life of plantings; to reduce the prime cost of production and to increase in competitiveness of domestic viticulture.
The aim of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of the Riesling Rhine grape variety on the basis of the evaluation of growth processes activity, the laying of generative organs in the central buds of wintering grape buds, the ways of placing and keeping the bushes. It is necessary to study the biological properties of a grape plant, since without this knowledge, it is difficult to purposefully influence the functional activity of plants to obtain a crop of the required quality. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the field experiment on the basis of AZESViW (Anapa city). Objects of research: the technical middle growing of Riesling Rhine grape variety, and regulations for bushes keeping. The field stationar methods and laboratory methods were used. The article presents the results of revealing the agrobiological features of the studied grape variety under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia on the basis of studying the intensity of growth processes, the formation of generative organs and ways of locating and maintaining bushes in the vine plantations. As a result of research carried out the patterns of change in growth processes, the productivity of the Riesling Rhine and the quality of products under the influence of different methods of grape plants planting are revealed. More active growth and high leaf cover of shoots were observed in plantations with three-meter rows. It is shown that the productive zone of shoots is in the range of 2-5 internodes irrespective of the planting scheme. This biological feature of the variety should be taken into account when the selection of the method of bushes pruning. The quality of the experienced wine materials was quite high (tasting score from 7.8 to 8.0 points). The samples with the scheme of bushes planting of 3,52,0; 3,01,5 and 3,01,0 m were the best.