Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Changes in climatic conditions have the greatest influence on such type of activity as agriculture in general, and viticulture in particular. Harmonization of environmental factors, biological features of a plant and agrotechnology in ampelocenosis is the main condition for efficient grape production. In this regard, the study of the influence of the planting scheme and the shoots load of the bush on the productivity of grapes and the quality of wine is a relevant area of research. The purpose of our work is to establish the optimal planting scheme and the schoots load of the Riesling grape bush, the identifying the dependence of productivity, quality indicators of grapes and wine on the applied agricultural technology in the context of local climate change. It was found that under stress conditions in 2018, the plantations with three-meter spacing had the highest economic productivity, and sparse and compacted plantations � the smallest. Under the influence of weather anomalies, a significant decrease in the average mass of the bunch and a decrease in the grape yield in the variants with a row spacing of 2.5 and 3.5 meters were observed. The most favorable for obtaining the high-quality products was 2017. In comparison with 2016, the difference in tasting evaluation ranged from 0.1 (with a scheme of 3.0 × 2.0 m) to 0.7 (with a landing scheme of 2.5 × 1.5 m). The most stable in quality Were the samples from grapes with three-meter spacing (7.8-8.0 points). The most stable quality of wine materials was observed from a grapes at vine planting scheme of 3.0 × 1.0 � the range of fluctuations with an increase in bush load from 40 to 70 thousand pcs / ha was 0.1 points with a maximum value of 8.0 with a load of 50 thousand pcs / ha.

Annotation

Currently, due to the active development of viticulture and the expansion of the assortment of cultivated varieties, the current direction of research is the study of promising genotypes and the assessment of the impact of agrotechnical techniques on the productivity and quality of finished products. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of the load of bushes with shoots on the productivity, quality of grapes and wine from the Granatovyi variety growing in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2). The studies were conducted in 2020-2022. The field experiment included three experimental variants of loading bushes with shoots 1) 100,000 shoots/ha; 2) 120,000 shoots/ha; 3) 140,000 shoots/ha. It is established that the fruitfulness coefficients decrease with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, and an increase in the number of inflorescences occurs due to an increase in the number of shoots. The productivity of Granatovyi grape variety ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 kg per bush. It is noted that with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, the range of fluctuations in the mass concentration of sugars increases from 2.2 g/100 cm3 to 3.5 g/100 cm3 . The samples of dry wines in bulk (wine materials) with a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare had the greatest stability of the tasting assessment over the years � the fluctuation interval was no more than 0.2 points. For the Granatovyi grape variety in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2), a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare (36 shoots per bush with a planting scheme of 3.0x1.0 m) is recommended to ensure the receipt of 4.8 kg of high-quality grapes from the bush and the production of wine materials with a tasting score of 8.2 points.

Annotation

The article presents the results of agrobiological and physiological-biochemical studies to ensure the stability of grape plantations in unstable weather conditions and anthropogenic intensification of production. Studies in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems revealed the most productive norm of loading of grape bushes with shoots for the technical varieties Kurchanskiy, Dmitriy, Vladimir, Granatovyi, Antaris and Alkor, on leached chernozems � for the table seedless variety Centennial Seedless. According to the results of electrophoretic separation of peroxidases in polyacrylamide gel and an increased content of ascorbic acid, increased frost resistance was established in the varieties Kristall, Vostorg, Krasnostop AZOS. The Vostorg and Zarif varieties proved to be more adaptive to the stresses of the summer period in terms of leaf hydration, bound water content, the ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids, the amount of proline and water-soluble sugars, membrane permeability. The role of physiologically active substances in increasing the adaptive potential of grape plants has been established. The treatment of Merlot vines with methyl jasmonate and epibrassinolide during deep dormancy period, as well as proline, salicylic acid and epibrassinolide during induced dormancy period had a positive effect on the condition of the vine: there was a decrease in electrolyte yield. Sustainable grape cultivation is achieved with the systemic use of the �Bioconcentrate-Z� effluent by the non-root method. Against the background of nonroot treatments of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties, a higher level of plant water supply, an increase in potassium content, green pigments, organic acids and grape yields were established. Physiologically active compounds and the preparation Turinbash have a positive effect in intensive own-root plantations of native and promising introduced grape varieties against the background of phylloxera infection in the southern part of Dagestan. The created yield forecasting method based on the NDVI of the grape plant and the actual data of multispectral images of the phenophases of flowering and growth allows to increase the accuracy of the calculated yield capacity to the actual one with a deviation from 0 to 0.8 kg per bush, the accuracy of the forecast increases by 2 times by the end of the growth phase and by the beginning of the maturation phase.