Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Zaporogets Natalia
Articles in journal: (total 16)
Despite the increase in the average annual temperature observed in recent decades in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, the problem of winter and frost resistance of grapes remains urgent. The purpose of this work is to reveal the adaptive changes in the metabolism of various grape varieties that arise in response to the climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period, on the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) – Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi – Euro-American origin; Vostorg – Amuro-American origin; Zarif – Eastern European origin; Aligote – Western European origin. It was found that the Krasnostop AZOS variety was distinguished by the greatest decrease in tissue water content (by 10%), as well as an increased content of bound water (48.50% of the total amount) in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. The lowered temperatures in November contributed to the hydrolysis of starch and its transformation into soluble sugars that protect cells from the formation of ice crystals. In the middle of winter, the starch content in all varieties decreased due to its hydrolysis, and to a greater extent in Dostoynyi varieties (10.38 times), Krasnostop AZOS (9.63 times), Zarif (8.75 times). In addition to soluble sugars, the adaptive resistance of grapes to low temperatures was achieved an increase in the content of anthocyanins in the shoot bark. The maximum increase in anthocyanins (2.69 times) was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety, indicating their significant role in adaptive processes. It was found that, according to the degree of tissue hydration, the content of bound water, anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and the degree of starch hydrolysis, the Krasnostop AZOS variety showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter conditions of 2020-2021 in comparison with other studied varieties.
The search for an accelerated assessment of the resistance of grape varieties to extremely high temperatures (hyperthermia) is of particular relevance due to the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced high-temperature stress (hyperthermia) in terms of peroxidase activity, the content of proline, ascorbic acid, and to identify varieties with increased resistance to high temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) – Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi – Euro-American origin; Vostorg – Amur-American origin; Zarif – Eastern origin; Aligote – Western European origin. Studied varieties respond to hyperthermia by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid. It was found that peroxidase played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress in the variety Dostoynyi – an increase in its activity by 5.09 times; unlike other varieties, in which an increase was noted by 1.08-1.97 times. In other varieties, the maintenance of redox balance is achieved by increasing the content of proline, ascorbic acid. Insufficient peroxidase activity under conditions of hyperthermia in varieties Kristall and Zarif was compensated by an increase in proline content – by 2.65 and 7.64 times, respectively. It was presented that in the varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi, ascorbic acid showed its protective effect along with proline – an increase in its content by 2.31 and 2.66 times, respectively. In the Zarif variety under stress conditions, an increase in ascorbic acid by 8.35 times was observed. It has been established that the varieties Zarif, Dostoynyi, Kristall, unlike other studied varieties, are more resistant to extremely high temperatures in the summer period.
The article presents the results of studies of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the tissues of grape shoots under the natural weather and climatic conditions of winter 2020. Taking into account the developing import substitution policy in Russia, the relevance of these studies is confirmed by the need to form a grape assortment adapted to modern conditions of changing climate. In this case, the ecological and geographical origin of the variety is of great importance. Varietal differences in the formation of grape plant responses to the conditions of a changing climate, which are closely related to ecological and geographical origin of plants were revealed. It was found that in all the studied grape varieties, the nature of the dynamics of the starch content, which is the main reserve substance in the winter period, is an important factor for plant adaptation to winter conditions. Maximum starch content was found in the varieties of Dostoyny and Kristall (1.25-1.26 mg / g dry substance), which indicates their increased winter hardiness. The cultivars of Dostoyny and Aligote showed a high contribution of sucrose content to the formation of a protective response to winter conditions. The protective function of proline as an osmoprotector in the process adaptation was manifested in the varieties of Dostoyny, Vostorg, Zarif. A greate role in the formation of resistance in the varieties of Vostorg, Krasnostop, Kristall, Zarif of ascorbic acid was noted, which is an active antioxidant, the content of which was 17.2-29.8 μg / g of raw material. Anthocyanins made a significant contribution to the protection function of the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties, the content of which in February increased by 1.9-2.0 times compared to January. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the Dostoyny variety a great role for formation of protect mechanism belong to anthocyanins, and in the Vostorg variety – to proline. It has been shown that the induction of a protective response in winter is more manifested in the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties in comparison with Aligote and Zarif varieties.
Under the unstable conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of Krasnodar Territory – an important region f or the cultivation of grapes – the problem of its resistance to the stresses of the winter period is urgent. In this regard, the search for new diagnostic indicators of winter hardiness continues, contributing to the identification of grape varieties adapted to modern conditions of a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to carry out comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin according to the dynamics of the content of phenolic substances in the bark of one-year shoots under in the conditions of the winter period and to distinguish winter-hardy varieties using this indicator. The studies carried out have confirmed the previously fact established of the involvement of phenolic substances in the mechanism of grape plant protection against unfavorable winter conditions. In our studies, there were quantitative changes in the content of anthocyanins, chalcones, chlorogenic and caffeic acids in the studied grape organs of varieties under study during the winter period. The degree of contribution of each type of phenolic substance to the defense system was different and was determined by the variety. It was found that anthocyanins and chalcones are actively involved in the cryoprotective function in the Dostoyny, Vostorg and Zarif varieties. In these grape varieties, the maximum total content of anthocyanins (12.3-12.9 conventional units) and chalcones (21.5-24.8 conventional units) was noted during period under study. The protective function of chlorogenic and caffeic acids is not entirely clear. It is shown that the dynamics of anthocyanins and chalcones content in the bark of annual grape shoots studied plants can be one of the indirect methods of assessing the winter hardiness of grape varieties for breeding purposes.
The article presents the results of the research work of scientists of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW obtained in 2021. Research is focused on solving problems of developing the fundamental foundations of agricultural biotechnology, including molecular biological methods of molecular breeding, methods of managing the breeding process to create new plant genotypes; development of technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops in order to design highly productive agrophytocenoses and agroecosystems of perennial crops, etc. The article analyzes the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication and inventive activity, innovative, educational, financial and economic actions of a scientific institution. As a result of the implementa-tion of R&D, 111 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 70 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved – 7258 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 102 variety samples; clones were selected and 5 donors and 37 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 4 varieties of fruit crops: (apple – Carmenta, cherry – Yuzhanka, grape – Pinot Meunier, rose – Yubileynaya). The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2021 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes varieties: apple – Renet Platona, Yunona, cherry – Aleksa, quince – Kubanochka, grape – Dmitriy. Output products in the form of objects of intellectual property for 104 completed developments are registered in the EGISU electronic accounting database. Normative documentation was developed in the form of organization standards, technological instructions and specifications for 43 completed developments.