Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced low�temperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.

Annotation

The problem of grape�s adaptive stability in unstable climatic conditions in the important region of grape cultivation - the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, is relevant. The purpose of this work is to conduct comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin on the dynamics of the content of starch and water-soluble sugars in the conditions of the autumn-winter period, to identify winterhard varieties according to this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Adaptive rearrangements of carbohydrate metabolism arising in response to unstable climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period of 2020-2021 are revealed. It was found that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, the accumulation of starch played an important role in the adaptation processes during overwintering, its content decreased by 10, 38, 9.63 and 8.75 times, respectively. It is shown that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Aligote, water-soluble sugars played an important role in resistance to winter stress conditions, the content of which in the buds increased by 1.2-1.5 times after low-temperature exposure. An important role of the osmoprotector of sucrose in the formation of a protective response in varieties Dostoynyi and Vostorg was revealed, the content of which in the buds and shoots increased by 4.8-6.3 times after the action of low temperatures. According to the results of studies of the content of starch and soluble sugars, it was revealed that Dostoynyi variety has the greatest potential for resistance to winter stresses; Vostorg variety stood out as the most adaptive in terms of the content of water-soluble sugars, including sucrose.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the institution�s research work obtained in 2023. Research is focused on solving problems: accelerated creation of new varieties of horticultural crops based on the mobilization of bioresource collections using molecular genetic methods and digital technologies; ensuring environmental and economic sustainability and optimal productivity of perennial agrocenoses, as well as the quality and safety of preserved plant agricultural raw materials based on biologization and digitalization of technological processes. An analysis of the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities is given according to the criteria of research, publishing, publi�ation, inventive activity, innovative, educational and financial and economic activities of a scientific institution. As a result of R&D, 115 completed developments of fundamental importance have received, forming the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of scientific and technical products of a priority applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 81 developments that provide improvement in the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and vineyards, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool is preserved � 7,253 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 127 varieties; clones were selected and 7 donors were identified and 53 sources for creating new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, sustainability to the most harmful diseases and pests. The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in 2023 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes 3 varieties of apple trees, one grape variety, one clonal rootstock of small stone fruit crops, a rose variety bred by the scientific institution. Output products are registered in the USAIS electronic accounting database in the form of intellectual property for 99 completed developments. Regulatory documentation has been developed in the form of organizational standards, technological instructions and technical conditions for 37 completed developments.

Annotation

Due to recent climatic changes � a decrease in the amount of precipitation in the phenophase of berry growth and ripening, the issues of drought resistance of grapes, the selection of the most resistant varieties are relevant. The purpose of the work is to study the structural and functional changes of the leaves of various grape varieties under the influence of stressors of the summer period, to identify highly drought-resistant varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amuro-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Differences in the hydration of leaf tissues and the content of photosynthetic pigments associated with the formation of a protective response to meteorological conditions in the summer of 2019-2021 were found. The following features was found in the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, identified as highly resistant to summer stresses: the smallest decrease in the water content of leaf tissues (1.3-2.3 %), in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote (by 2.9 %); - a slight (by 7.4-9.1 cm2 ) decrease in leaf area, in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote (by 27.5-29.3 cm2 ); - the most stable content of the total chlorophylls during the summer growing season, a decrease in their content (by 0.22-0.36 mg/g wet weight) in in contrast to varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote, in which the decrease was 0.69-0.88 mg/g fresh weight; - the lowest values of chlorophylls/carotenoids are 2.0-2.8, in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote - 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. The grape varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, according to physiological and biochemical parameters, proved to be highly drought-resistant for cultivation in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region and use in breeding.

Annotation

Evaluation of grape resistance to low negative temperatures is relevant in connection with the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. An important metabolite associated with resistance to low temperatures is ascorbic acid. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative study of grape varieties of different ecological and geographical origin in terms of the dynamics of ascorbic acid content in the autumn-winter period and to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures in terms of this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that during t he autumn-winter period in the buds of grapes there was an accumulation of ascorbic acid. Its greatest increase was noted in the varieties Dostoynyi and Krasnostop AZOS � 3.6 and 3.9 times, respectively, in other studied varieties, this increase was 1.2-2.9 times. After artificial freezing, the least damage of cell membranes, determined by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), was noted in the Krasnostop AZOS variety � an increase in the content by 1.09 times. The varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi were next in terms of resistance � an increase in the level of MDA by 1.15 and 1.36 times, respectively. In other studied varieties, identified as unstable, this increase was 2.2-2.93 times. In varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Dostoynyi after freezing, the content of AA increased � by 6.7-9.6%, i.e. ascorbic acid played the role of a low molecular weight antioxidant in suppressing the development of oxidative stress. According to the content and accumulation of ascorbic acid in the buds, the Krasnostop AZOS variety was identified out as the most resistant to extremely low temperatures. Next in terms of resistance were the varieties Dostoynyi, Kristall. The content of ascorbic acid in grape buds can be used as a diagnostic criterion in the selection of frost-resistant varieties for breeding purposes.