Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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An analytical review of international, national and own experience in study of ecology of photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in the apple tree is presented.

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The meristem�s cultivation by a method of clonal microreproduction is the main way of production a qualitative virus-free landing material of fruits, berries and grapes cultures. High specificity of raspberry and gooseberry plantlet�s reaction on composition of nutrient medium during cultivation demands the individual selection of medium�s components for the most successful reproduction in vitro of revitalized plants. This work is carried out in the Center of reproduction of fruit, berry crops and grapes of N�RRIH&V. Object of research and improvement was the using now technique of production of the revitalized landing material of raspberry and a gooseberry varieties. The results of research on cultivation of raspberry and gooseberry meristems in vitro are presented in the article; the efficiency of various nutrient mediums is studied: Anderson, Lee De Fossard and 4 modifications of Murashige and Skoog (with various concentrations of biologically active substances and glycine). As a result of the research it is established that the most effective introduction in vitro culture of experimental varieties of raspberry and gooseberry (92% of meristems get accustomed) occurs on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (1962) containing macro- and microelements by recipe, vitamins C � 1,0 mg/l, B1 � 1,0 mg/l, B6 � 0,5 mg/l, nicotinic acid � 0,5 mg/l, inositol � 100 mg/l, sucrose of 20 g/l, agar-agar � 8 g/l with the doubled content of iron chelate and without glycine amino acid.

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DNA-markers are an important tool for identifying grape varieties, making it possible to assume the origin of the variety, and to confirm or deny the information about the parent forms of a particular genotype. SSR markers of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the main minimum set in the work on genotyping the grape varieties. Using this set of SSR markers, we were genotyping the grape varieties of Antaris, Litdar, Mitsar, Dmitriy of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding. As a control to clarify the size of identified alleles, we used the DNA of reference varieties of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. DNA samples were isolated from young shoots. DNA profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with analysis of the reaction`s products by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the obtained genotyping data, the following DNA passports of varieties were formed: Antaris VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27193 195 VVMD5230 242 VrZAG62188 200 VrZAG79251 261; Litdar VVS2133 135 VVMD7249 249 VVMD27180 195 VVMD5236 240 VrZAG62186 204 VrZAG79247 255; Mitsar VVS2139 143 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27182 190 VVMD5238 242 VrZAG62194 202 VrZAG79247 259; Dmitriy VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 251 VVMD27190 190 VVMD5234 234 VrZAG62194 194 VrZAG79243 261. To clarify the origin of the studied varieties, we compared the data obtained and the DNA profiles of the corresponding parent forms. The information about the origin of the varieties Antaris (Saperavi x Tsimlyanskiy chornyi), Litdar (Hindogny x Muscat Hamburg), Mitsar (Sereksiya x Cabernet Sauvignon), Dmitriy (Varusset x Granatovyi) is fully consistent with the data obtained by analyzing the DNA profiles of the genotypes of these varieties and their parent forms. Generated DNA passports can be used to identify the plants of these varieties and to check the planting material for purity, as well as for copyright protection.

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This article is devoted to a problem of a bacterial cancer, actual for viticulture, and in particular � in the Krasnodar Region. A bacterial cancer is the one of the most harmful chronic diseases of grapevine. Characteristic feature of defeat of grapes plant by bacterial cancer is system type of infection, the all organs of the infected plant remain sore during all life. Therefore the vegetative reproduction of sick bushes leads to the producing of sick landing material, promoting the further spreading of a disease. The bacterial cancer is wide spread in all zones of grapes cultivation, its high harmfulness is noted in our country and abroad. Despite the application of various struggle measures, including phytosanitary, the annual progression of a disease in the viticulture's regions is noted. In the presented review we discussed the questions of systematic of the causative agent of this disease � a bacterium of Agrobacterium, the tupe of infection of grapes plants and the latent period in the development of deseasse. The subject of studying of genetic inheritance by grapes varieties of stability and a susceptibility to this disease is lifted. It is offered to pay attention to integrated scientifically based approach to a problem of a bacterial cancer on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. It is necessary to develop such research, as identification of types and strains of Agrobacterium on vineyards, determination of degree of their pathogenicity. The complex studying of suseptibility of grapes varieties for the purpose of identification of steady genotypes is recommended. Particularly noted that it is necessary lo make the monitoring of the causative agent of a bacterial cancer in the landing grapes material, nursery plantings and in the soil of vineyards, including the use of molecular and genetic methods of research.

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The territory of the Abkhazia Republic is recognized as one of the regions of the cultural vine origin. Here there are many native varieties and wild forms of grapes. The study of the grape gene pool at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to much more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. The purpose of this work is to study the wild-growing vines in Abkhazia. The search for wild forms of grapes was carried out in the Gudautskiy, Gagrskiy and Sukhumskiy districts of the Republic of Abkhazia, in areas remote and fairly isolated from cultivated vineyards. 7 samples were selected for the study. The description of the found vines by morphological characteristics has been carried out. DNA was extracted from the apical parts of vine shoots by the CTAB method. Genotyping was performed using 11 SSR markers: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, UDV737 and GF09-46. The amplified PCR reaction products were assessed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, with following size determination using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of reference genotypes with known allelic composition. Statistical processing of microsatellite loci polymorphism data was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. Analysis of the DNA profiles obtained in the international database of DNA passports of grape varieties do not show any coincidences. It is revealed that the three analyzed samples collected at one geographical point are identical in terms of DNA profiles and ampelographic description. One of the vines found is probably an interspecific hybrid. Statistical processing of microsatellite locus polymorphism data showed that the observed heterozygosity of the sample studied is slightly lower than the expected heterozygosity: 0.618 and 0.687 respectively.