Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The study of wild-growing vines allows to expand fundamental knowledge about the diversity of the grape gene pool, and wild vines are also studied in order to identify potential sources of resistance to stress factors of growing conditions. Powdery mildew resistance gene Ren1 is one of the few pathogen resistance genes identified in Vitis vinifera. Its presence has also been found in some vines of V. vinifera ssp. silvestris Gmel. The aim of this work was to study wild-growing vines found in the Krasnodar region with DNA markers of Ren1 powdery mildew resistance gene in order to search for potential donors of resistance. The study was conducted on 35 genotypes of wild growing vines, selected at several geographical points of the Krasnodar region along the coastline of the Black Sea and the Kuban River. Polymorphism of Ren1 locus was studied by PCR using cosegregated markers SC8-0071-014 and sc47-18, followed by assessment of the size of amplified fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis on a Nanofor 05 device and statistical processing in the GenAlEx 6.5 program. As a result, in the studied sample of genotypes, a rather high polymorphism was revealed for studied microsatellite loci (SC8-0071-014 � 18 types of alleles, sc47-18 � 8 alleles) � an average of 13 alleles per locus was determined. In the prevailing majority of genotypes, the heterozygous state was determined for the studied loci, which is reflected in the indicators of expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity: the observed values exceed the expected ones. The resistance alleles of Ren1 gene were not found in any of the studied samples of wild grapes.

Annotation

Seedless grapes are in great demand in the world. On the basis of the mass of seed rudiments, varieties are divided into 4 classes � from almost complete absence to fairly large seed primordia. Large size grape berries of 1-2 class of seedlessness are especially attractive for the consumer. The aim of the work was to study the manifestation of the trait of seedlessness in a group of varieties belonging to seedless varieties of various origins and the class of seedlessness, growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. Research was carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 16 grape varieties � Attica, Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish rozovyi, Kishmish safed okruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Yangi Er, Bessemyannyi Magaracha, Vanessa, Kishmish Zaporozhskiy, Lotus, Mars, Pamyati Dombkovskoy, Pamyati Smirnova (Assol), Rusbol, belonging to the group of seedless varieties of various classes of seedlessness and different origin (V. vinifera and interspecific origin). Determination of the mass of rudiments in the berry was carried out after dehydration of a sample of seed rudiments from berries. The smallest mass of seed rudiments in a berry was determined in varieties Kishmish belyi oval'nyi and Kishmish kruglyi. For three years of research, varieties Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Mars were singled out as having consistently shown the first class during the years of study, t he Bessemyannyi Magarach variety had the second class of seedlessness, and Pamyati Smirnova (Assol) and Rusbol had the fourth. In the rest of the studied genotypes, the variation of the trait of seedlessness by classes during the years of study was determined. The highest average berry weight was determined in the varieties Attika (3,9 g), Pamyati Smirnova (3,3 g) and Kishmish Sogdiana (3,2 g).

Annotation

Clonal breeding of grapes is one of the methods of variety improvement, which allows to identify the genetic variations of the variety most adapted to climatic and soil growing conditions. More than three thousand clones have been registered in the world, most of which are 1.5 times more productive than mother plantations. The search for adapted genotypes to the agro-climatic conditions of the Temryuk region is a promising task, since about 30 % of grape plantations in the Krasnodar region are located in this area. Higher productivity of clonal breeding can be expected when working with varieties of old origin. Saperavi is an ancient Georgian grape variety, one of the best Georgian varieties for winemaking. The purpose of our research is to isolate new clones of the Saperavi variety, adapted to local growing conditions. An analysis of the climatic conditions of the Temryuk region indicates an increase in the aridity of the territory (the period of 1991-2020 compared to 1961-2020), an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature and an increase in the frequency of temperatures below minus 20 ºC. In the Temryuk region, in industrial plantations of the Saperavi variety, an expeditionary survey was carried out to identify bushes for inclusion in further study as candidates for clones of the Saperavi variety. As a result of the survey, according to a complex of positive characteristics, 4 bushes were identified for further observations and records. The selected samples according to the microsatellite DNA profile correspond to the Saperavi variety. Experimental samples of grapes were used in the preparation of red table wines by fermentation of the must on the pulp in the micro-winemaking department. All experimental samples of Saperavi wines had similar values in the concentrations of sugars and titrated acids. The mass concentration of the given extract in the experimental samples of dry wines was in the range of 26.1-28.8 g/dm3.

Annotation

Downy mildew is one of the most common and harmful diseases of the grapevine, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The disease causes significant damage to the grape harvest and gets worse its quality. One of the most effective methods to control the disease is the cultivation of resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties Vitis vinifera (the basis of the modern high-quality assortment) practically have not the genetic resistance to this disease. Downy mildew resistant genotypes belong to the North American and Asian grape varieties, as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The search for resistance donors and their inclusion in the process of creating the new highly resistant genotypes is an important task of modern breeding and genetics. Today, more than 20 loci of resistance to downy mildew have been identified in the genome of grapes. Rpv12 gene was identified by S. Venuti et al. using QTL analysis. A set of DNA markers associated with the Rpv12 gene was also detected and recommended for DNA-marker breeding. The donor of this resistance gene is wild Vitis amurensis. We conducted a PCR study of the grape genotypes � potential gene carriers, according to their pedigree, using DNA markers (UDV343, UDV360) linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12. The separation of the reaction products was made by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. For DNA-markers testing, DNA of the Kunleany and Zarya Severa varieties was included in the work. According to the literature, the Rpv12 gene is presented in these varieties. Also, the varieties that do not carry the resistance gene (Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) were included in the work as negative controls. Targeted PCR products are identified in the Kunleany and Zarya Severa genotypes, that corresponds to the literature data, as well as in the genotypes Stepnyak and Vostorg.

Annotation

Powdery mildew of grapes or oidium is one of the most common and economically significant diseases of grapes. The causative agent of the disease is biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe necator. Powdery mildew is a global disease that reduces the yield and quality of grapes, while causing significant damage to viticulture around the world. Most cultivated grape varieties are susceptible to this pathogen, therefore, pesticide treatment is used to reduce the incidence of disease. Resistance to powdery mildew is mainly found in the genotypes of North American and Asian grape varieties. The search for donors of resistance to powdery mildew and the subsequent creation of new resistant and high-quality grape varieties is one of the main tasks of grape breeding. Cultivation of resistant varieties will reduce the use of pesticides, which in the future will make it possible to switch to more environmentally safe industrial viticulture. At present, a number of loci of resistance to powdery mildew (more than 10) have been identified, and DNA markers have been constructed that are suitable for identifying the allelic status of these genes. Among the identified loci of resistance to powdery mildew, Ren3 and Ren9 genes have a large contribution. The study involved elite technical forms of grapes of the NCFSCHVW breeding, the genotypes of which could potentially contain loci of resistance to powdery mildew (Tana 19, Tana 72, Tana 73, Tana 74, Tana 82, Tana 92). To identify the genes that cause genetic resistance to powdery mildew, specific codominant SSR markers GF15-42, ScORGF15-02 were used to identify the Ren3 gene, and SSR marker CenGen6 to identify the Ren9 gene. As a positive control, we used the DNA of the cultivar Seyve Villard 12-375, which has resistance alleles. The work was carried out by the PCR method, with the separation of reaction products using the method of capillary electrophoresis on an automatic genetic analyzer Nanofor 05. As a result of DNA marker analysis, it was determined that the genotype Tana 92 contain the Ren9 gene. The Ren3 and Ren9 genes has been identified in grapevine Tana 73 and Tana 74.