Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Ushakova Yana
Articles in journal: (total 5)
The new apples genotypes combining the high quality of fruits with stability to abiotic and biotic stress-factors of environment are allocated on the basis of selection on a phenotype in the combination with identification of target signs by method of molecular DNA marking and biochemical methods of research.
The maintenance of colloid substances, pepetide, polysugar, fibers and other characteristic substances of biological objects usually complicates the analytical definition micro- and macroelements, phosphorus, nitrogen. It is established that there are obvious problems during of curse of long preparation of biological tests for the analysis at the expense of summation of errors at a stage of samples preparation. The operating methods for samples preparation of biological raw materials for analytical research are discussed. The new methodical decisions for preparation of plant samples for determination of alkaline kations, earth alkaline metals and some heavy metals are offered. The possibilities and the conditions of application of various modes of microwave processing for extraction of mobile and general forms of kations and anions are considered. The various conditions of carrying out of oxidizing preparation of staples of vegetative raw materials for the subsequent definition of the general phosphorus and nitrogen are approved. The ways of biological samples preparation for definition of volatile components by a method of a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are shown. The optimal conditions for samples preparation for definition of components with high temperatures of boiling are revealed. The main attention is paid to increase of accuracy and objectivity of measurements at the expense of improvement of methods of preparation of sample of a biological origin and observance of conditions of ecological safety at carrying out of analytical works.
The possibilities and new methodic decisions of determination of general nitrogen in the plant material by means of capillary electrophoresis and classic chemical analysis are considered. The operating systematic approaches providing control samples preparing are discussed.
Plant defense reaction are produced in response to the perception of the stress factor and one of the earliest responses is the generation of reactive oxygen forms by the plant. This forms cause the for-mation of a secondary stress state in the plants, which activates and intensifies a cascade of signaling events. This leads to the manifestation in the plants of a series of biochemical changes that form a protective answer. Strengthening a number of protective anti-stress reactions is possible through the use of stimulating substances elicitors, which include the components of the plants themselves, as well as chemicals of pathogens, such as chitosan and exogenous phytohormones. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiarities of the change in the antioxidant response in two grape varieties, contrasting in resistance to mildew, in the process of treatments with inductors of immunity of different directions of action. For the experiment, in vitro plants of contrasting mildew-resistant grape varieties of Muscat Bely (susceptibility 4 points) and Vostopg (susceptibility 1 point) were selected. The non-bearing plants of the first year planting are used. The effect of immunity inducers the development of oxidative stress and antioxidant reactions in grape plants with different resistance to mildew has been studied. It was shown that the reactions of the Muscat Bely varie-ty unstable to the mildew were manifested in some of the used treatments, while the resistant Vostorg variety showed similar reactions to all types of immunity stimulation. This may indicate a great abil-ity to perceive various types of signals and quickly coordinate them to react, which does not lead to oxidative damage of plants.
The problem of using the grape pomaces from grape varieties of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon is discussed in the article. Experiments on extraction of biologically active substances and anthocyanins from sweet and fermented pomace by water and solutions of hydrochloric acid have been carried out. Data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of extracts of grape pomace were obtained. It was established that the content of acetic acid should be considered as the determining criterion for the quality of extracts from the pomace of red grapes. For the quality of the fermented pomace, also the ethanol content has a certain value. Extraction of extractive substances of various classes, and especially of potassium, magnesium, calcium, tartaric acid, significantly increases when using an acidic medium during extraction of sweet or fermented pomace. The applicability of the proposed extraction method for dry pomace is evaluated. The obtained results of the research confirm the possibility of using grape pomace of red grape varieties as a raw material for obtaining an extract enriched with various biologically valuable components. It is recommended to concentrate water extracts obtained from fermented grape pomace in order to ensure their stability. Extracts did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration limit for toxic metals. The extracts obtained had a saturated red color in a slightly acidic medium, which suggests their use as a corrective natural dye in the technology of functional or non-alcoholic beverages.