Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

One of the most important indicators of apple varieties is a quality of fruit. This indicator is determined of varietal specific features, genetic origin of plants, ploidy, and also by meteorological conditions during growing and maturation of fruits, and by the level of agricultural technology and the cultivation region. The objects of our research are varieties and apple crabs of domestic and foreign selection. Apple crabs were obtained from the Maikop Experimental Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant growing, they are a valuable initial material for breeding. Evaluation of fruit quality was carried out for apple varieties and elite forms, selected on a complex of valuable agrobiological signs. The article presents data on the evaluation of fruits quality of 10 varieties and 12 apple crabs from the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the conditions of the North Caucasus Region. The research were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties study of fruit crops. Varieties and forms of apple trees on the fruit shape are divided into three groups: oblong, round and flat-round. The sources of large-fruit are selected � varieties and elite forms of apple trees: triploids (2n = 3x = 51) of the summer ripening period: Yunona, Soyuz, 44-24-49, 44-24-42-yu, autumn ripening � Nocturne; winter ripening � Jonagold Prince, Red Jonagold, 44-30-45-v; diploids (2n = 2x = 34) of the autumn ripening � Honey Crisp, Auvil Earley, Lubava, Carmen, Fregat, 29-4-110; winter ripening varieties � Cameo, Linda, Adams Red Delicious and others. As a result of study carried out, it has been established that ploidy have a significant effect on the sign of large-fruit of summer apple cultivars; and at varieties of autumn and winter ripening the ploidy and varietal specific features influence that sign.

Annotation

The results of study on drought resistance of nine varieties of apricot (Bratskiy, Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgiyevskiy, Orlik Stavropolya, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) under the conditions of rigid drought in the territory of Krasnodar Region are presented in this article. It is revealed that differences in water content in leaf tissue of studied apricot varieties are small, their range is from 66% to 70%. By analysis of variance the intervarietal variability on signs of drought resistance of an apricot is established. Two varieties which maintain the conditions of long effect of high temperatures were selected as a result of carried out research. It is analyzed the condition of seven apricot varieties of (Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgyevskiy, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) on signs of productivity to assess their stability to unfavorable factors which are appear in ontogenesis under the influence of the external environment. It is established that the genotype of the studied apricot varieties statistically authentically influences on everything studied productivity signs. without exception Existence of variability on productivity signs between the studied varieties is proved. As a result of carried research on a basis of complex of signs of drought resistance the apricot varieties of New Jersey and Reklamny which should be attracted as parental forms at inter varieties hybridization are selected. The essential contribution to gene typical distinctions of studied apricot varieties according to productivity was made by next signs: mass of a fruit, a yield from a tree, quantity of fruits.

Annotation

Western European varieties dominate in the vineyards of Southern Russia. It is also known that zone-oriented assortments are one of the most effective biological methods for managing the production process of grapes. Grape varieties and clones are the most adapted and more fully realize their potential under the agro-climatic conditions where they were created. For this reason, it is necessary to include local selection varieties in the domestic assortment. The article presents the results of three years research on agrobiological assessment and identification of the most promising new hybrid genotypes of NCFSCHVW breeding for the AnapaTaman viticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory. Hybrid forms of grapes with uncolored berries were studied: Tana 19 (Zala Dandy × Beisug), Tana 72 (Seyve Villard 12-309 × Muscat Kuban), Tana 73 (Muscat Kuban × Vertesh Chilaga), Tana 74 (Seyve Villard 12-309 × Muscat Kuban ), Tana 82 (Madeleine Angevine × Villard Blanc), Tana 90 (Zala Dandy × Beisug), Tana 92 (Zala Dandy × Mtsvane), growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. The classic Rhine Riesling grape variety was used as control. Agrobiological accountings were carried out according to the method of M.A. Lazarevsky. To assess the influence of the genotype of hybrid forms and the growing year conditions on the considered characteristics, a dispersion analysis was used. As a result of the study of grape hybrid forms, the genotypes with the most realized potential were identified under the conditions of Anapa-Taman viticulture zone. The forms of Tana 19 and Tana 92 differed in the highest productivity. The statistically significant influence of the genotype on the expression of this trait was shown. Lower than the control bushes Rhine Riesling, the yield was noted in the grape forms of Tana 74, Tana 72, Tana 90.

Annotation

Using genetic-statistical approaches researches of annual and seasonal dynamics of concentration of biochemical parameters at defeat Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) forms of genus �erasus Mill in the system owner-activator-environment are studuied. Studying of structure of variability of biochemical parameters during vegetation of plants has allowed to find genetic-statistical approaches to establish of correlations with immunity, and also to develop the express train-method of an estimation of stability to illness. The observed ecological component of variability of biochemical attributes allows to develop new methods of forecasting of development of infection.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the programs and methods of breeding and variety study generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the Center for Collective Use �Research and Breeding Collection of Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops� (CCU RBC GRHC). The objects of research are varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelic polymorphism of microsatellite sequences in the genome of collection specimens of the genus Malus Mill. as a starting material for further breeding. Genotyping of 48 apple varieties (of which: 44 diploids and 4 triploids) of the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out using 12 SSR markers: CH04c07, GD12, CH03d07, CH02C09, CH01h10, GD96, CH04e05, GD100, Hi02c07, GD147, CH01f02, CH02c11. Markers have been established that have: the largest number of alleles � GD12 (18 alleles); the smallest number of alleles � CH01h10 and Hi02c07 (10 alleles); the largest number of effective alleles � CH01f02 (9.018) and CH02c11 (9.366); the smallest number of effective alleles � CH01h10 (3.499). According to the diversity index, loci CH01f02 and CH02c11 were identified as having the highest allelic polymorphism. The grouping of the studied 48 apple varieties was performed based on the results of genotyping for the two most informative markers (CH01a02 and CH02c11) and cluster analysis. The highest average allele length (2480.40) is in the varieties included in the third cluster, then in the second cluster (1019.66), in the fourth cluster (819.65) and in the first cluster (603.28). 4 groups consisting of 7, 3, 22 and 16 varieties, respectively, were formed according to the average length of alleles. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the gene pool and further breeding studies.