Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Seedless grapes are in great demand in the world. On the basis of the mass of seed rudiments, varieties are divided into 4 classes � from almost complete absence to fairly large seed primordia. Large size grape berries of 1-2 class of seedlessness are especially attractive for the consumer. The aim of the work was to study the manifestation of the trait of seedlessness in a group of varieties belonging to seedless varieties of various origins and the class of seedlessness, growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. Research was carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 16 grape varieties � Attica, Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish rozovyi, Kishmish safed okruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Yangi Er, Bessemyannyi Magaracha, Vanessa, Kishmish Zaporozhskiy, Lotus, Mars, Pamyati Dombkovskoy, Pamyati Smirnova (Assol), Rusbol, belonging to the group of seedless varieties of various classes of seedlessness and different origin (V. vinifera and interspecific origin). Determination of the mass of rudiments in the berry was carried out after dehydration of a sample of seed rudiments from berries. The smallest mass of seed rudiments in a berry was determined in varieties Kishmish belyi oval'nyi and Kishmish kruglyi. For three years of research, varieties Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Mars were singled out as having consistently shown the first class during the years of study, t he Bessemyannyi Magarach variety had the second class of seedlessness, and Pamyati Smirnova (Assol) and Rusbol had the fourth. In the rest of the studied genotypes, the variation of the trait of seedlessness by classes during the years of study was determined. The highest average berry weight was determined in the varieties Attika (3,9 g), Pamyati Smirnova (3,3 g) and Kishmish Sogdiana (3,2 g).

Annotation

Clonal breeding of grapes is one of the methods of variety improvement, which allows to identify the genetic variations of the variety most adapted to climatic and soil growing conditions. More than three thousand clones have been registered in the world, most of which are 1.5 times more productive than mother plantations. The search for adapted genotypes to the agro-climatic conditions of the Temryuk region is a promising task, since about 30 % of grape plantations in the Krasnodar region are located in this area. Higher productivity of clonal breeding can be expected when working with varieties of old origin. Saperavi is an ancient Georgian grape variety, one of the best Georgian varieties for winemaking. The purpose of our research is to isolate new clones of the Saperavi variety, adapted to local growing conditions. An analysis of the climatic conditions of the Temryuk region indicates an increase in the aridity of the territory (the period of 1991-2020 compared to 1961-2020), an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature and an increase in the frequency of temperatures below minus 20 ºC. In the Temryuk region, in industrial plantations of the Saperavi variety, an expeditionary survey was carried out to identify bushes for inclusion in further study as candidates for clones of the Saperavi variety. As a result of the survey, according to a complex of positive characteristics, 4 bushes were identified for further observations and records. The selected samples according to the microsatellite DNA profile correspond to the Saperavi variety. Experimental samples of grapes were used in the preparation of red table wines by fermentation of the must on the pulp in the micro-winemaking department. All experimental samples of Saperavi wines had similar values in the concentrations of sugars and titrated acids. The mass concentration of the given extract in the experimental samples of dry wines was in the range of 26.1-28.8 g/dm3.

Annotation

Powdery mildew of grapes or oidium is one of the most common and economically significant diseases of grapes. The causative agent of the disease is biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe necator. Powdery mildew is a global disease that reduces the yield and quality of grapes, while causing significant damage to viticulture around the world. Most cultivated grape varieties are susceptible to this pathogen, therefore, pesticide treatment is used to reduce the incidence of disease. Resistance to powdery mildew is mainly found in the genotypes of North American and Asian grape varieties. The search for donors of resistance to powdery mildew and the subsequent creation of new resistant and high-quality grape varieties is one of the main tasks of grape breeding. Cultivation of resistant varieties will reduce the use of pesticides, which in the future will make it possible to switch to more environmentally safe industrial viticulture. At present, a number of loci of resistance to powdery mildew (more than 10) have been identified, and DNA markers have been constructed that are suitable for identifying the allelic status of these genes. Among the identified loci of resistance to powdery mildew, Ren3 and Ren9 genes have a large contribution. The study involved elite technical forms of grapes of the NCFSCHVW breeding, the genotypes of which could potentially contain loci of resistance to powdery mildew (Tana 19, Tana 72, Tana 73, Tana 74, Tana 82, Tana 92). To identify the genes that cause genetic resistance to powdery mildew, specific codominant SSR markers GF15-42, ScORGF15-02 were used to identify the Ren3 gene, and SSR marker CenGen6 to identify the Ren9 gene. As a positive control, we used the DNA of the cultivar Seyve Villard 12-375, which has resistance alleles. The work was carried out by the PCR method, with the separation of reaction products using the method of capillary electrophoresis on an automatic genetic analyzer Nanofor 05. As a result of DNA marker analysis, it was determined that the genotype Tana 92 contain the Ren9 gene. The Ren3 and Ren9 genes has been identified in grapevine Tana 73 and Tana 74.

Annotation

When analyzing the state of the viticulture industry in Russia, there is a lack of seedless grape varieties in the assortment that have valuable biological and economic characteristics and a short growing season, resistance to frost and phylloxera. Due to the advantage of seedless grapes both for fresh consumption and for the production of dried products, processing them into jams and other products, the demand for kishmish varieties is growing and seedless varieties are regularly selected. The degree of various varieties seedlessness can be different: from the almost full absence of rudiments in the berry to a sufficiently noted size of rudiments. At the same time, the degree of development of seed rudiments in the same variety may vary in dependence on the conditions of the growth place and the year conditions. We analyzed the harvest of 33 seedless grape varieties in the Ampelographic collection (Anapa) according to the evaluation of their seedless under the agro-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture under the climatic conditions, 2019. The lack of recoverable rudiments of seeds was identified in the berries of cultivars the Kishmish Bely Ovalny, Detskiy, Kishmish Tarakli, Kishmish Rosovy, Kishmish Sogdiana, Kishmish Krugly, Remali Seedless. The maximum berry`s weight among this group was found in the variety of Kishmish Sogdiana. The largest rudiments were found in the berries of the Rusbal variety. Among all analyzed grape varieties, the rudiment of the berry`s mass of which has been measured, it is possible to select the Kishmish Luchisty: this variety has the highest average weight of berries (5.05 g) and the rudiments share of the berry`s mass is 1 %.

Annotation

Krasnodar region is the leading region of Russia in the production of grapes, one of the most important branches of production in the world. In the region, about 80% of the area is occupied by technical varieties. Fungal diseases, in particular leaf spots, cause significant damage to viticulture, as they can lead to a significant decrease in yield capacity. One of these diseases is necrotic leaf spot caused by fungi of the genus Alternaria Nees. The article provides an assessment of the incidence of hybrid forms of this disease. In the conditions of 2019, which was characterized by elevated average monthly temperatures during the growing season, the greatest spread of the disease was observed on hybrid forms of Tana 19 and Tana 92, on which the pathogen was present in a parasitic form. In the conditions of a later start of vegetation in 2020, the intensity of disease development was low on all varieties (0.7-12.3 %). In 2022, there was a shortage of precipitation in several months of the growing season, as a result of which the pathogen spread less on all hybrid forms and was present mainly as a saprotroph on weakened leaves. The spread and intensity of the disease development differed depending on the shoot tier � the most severe leaf damage is noted on older leaves of the lower tier, the least � on young, or leaves of the upper tier. Tana 92 was characterized by the greatest infestation of leaves of the middle and lower tier among all forms. When analyzing the mycopathocomplex of necrosis on the leaves of hybrid forms, it was found that it contains 8 species of hyphomycetes, of which 50 % are different species of Alternaria.